{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:26:38Z","timestamp":1791347198671,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723003793_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A minority of naturally cycling individuals experience clinically significant affective changes across the menstrual cycle. However, few studies have examined cognitive and behavioral constructs that may maintain or worsen these changes. Several small studies link rumination with premenstrual negative affect, with authors concluding that a tendency to ruminate amplifies and perpetuates hormone-sensitive affective symptoms. Replication in larger samples is needed to confirm the validity of rumination as a treatment target.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723003793_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>190 cycling individuals (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 30.82 years; 61.1% Caucasian) were recruited for moderate perceived stress, a risk factor for cyclical symptoms. They completed the Rumination Response Scale at baseline, then reported daily affective and physical symptoms across 1\u20136 cycles. Multilevel growth models tested trait rumination as a predictor of baseline levels, luteal increases, and follicular decreases in symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723003793_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The degree of affective cyclicity was normally distributed across a substantial range, supporting feasibility of hypothesis tests and validating the concept of dimensional hormone sensitivity. Contrary to prediction, higher brooding did not predict levels or cyclical changes of any symptom. In a subsample selected for luteal increases in negative affect, brooding predicted higher baseline negative affect but still did not predict affective cyclicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291723003793_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An individual's trait-like propensity to engage in rumination may not be a valid treatment target in premenstrual mood disorders. State-like changes in rumination should still be further explored, and well-powered prospective studies should explore other cognitive and behavioral factors to inform development of targeted psychological treatments for patients with cyclical affective symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291723003793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T09:41:03Z","timestamp":1706521263000},"page":"1824-1834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is trait rumination associated with affective reactivity to the menstrual cycle? A prospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafsah A.","family":"Tauseef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5405-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja M.","family":"Schmalenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5999-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan C.","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1802-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn M.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan S.","family":"Girdler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tory A.","family":"Eisenlohr-Moul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610368062","article-title":"Oral contraceptives suppress ovarian hormone production","volume":"21","author":"Fleischman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref14","first-page":"5","article-title":"Premenstrual disorders: A primer and research agenda for psychologists","volume":"72","author":"Eisenlohr-Moul","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Clinical Psychologist"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104895","article-title":"How to study the menstrual cycle: Practical tools and recommendations","volume":"123","author":"Schmalenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0103-y","article-title":"Daily record of severity of problems (DRSP): Reliability and validity","volume":"9","author":"Endicott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Women's Mental Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170800322X","article-title":"The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a randomly selected group of urban and rural women","volume":"39","author":"Gehlert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611419672","article-title":"A heuristic for developing transdiagnostic models of psychopathology: Explaining multifinality and divergent trajectories","volume":"6","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.16101113","article-title":"Exposure to a change in ovarian steroid levels but not continuous stable levels triggers PMDD symptoms following ovarian suppression","volume":"174","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-023-01304-5","article-title":"Associations of premenstrual symptoms with daily rumination and perceived stress and the moderating effects of mindfulness facets on symptom cyclicity in premenstrual syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Nayman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Women's Mental Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5342","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002495","article-title":"Effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on mood and cortisol in daily life in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"53","author":"Nayman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S125730","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the ruminative response scale-short form in a clinical sample of patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Parola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Patient Preference and Adherence"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref39","unstructured":"Symul, L. , & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. (n.d.). PMDD and MRMD Diagnoses Following The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS). Retrieved May 18, 2023, from https:\/\/lasy.github.io\/cpass\/index.html"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823608","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2020.1823608","article-title":"Correlates of premenstrual dysphoric disorder among female university students","volume":"7","author":"Roomaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-015-9721-5","article-title":"Self-focused attention and symptoms across menstrual cycle phases in women with and without premenstrual disorders","volume":"40","author":"Craner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref25","first-page":"199","article-title":"Work stress, premenstrual syndrome and dysphoric disorder: Are there any associations?","volume":"13","author":"Namavar Jahromi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100213","article-title":"Allopregnanolone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Evidence for dysregulated sensitivity to GABA-A receptor modulating neuroactive steroids across the menstrual cycle","volume":"12","author":"Hantsoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.259","article-title":"Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory","volume":"101","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1368","article-title":"Criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Secondary analyses of relevant data sets","volume":"69","author":"Hartlage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104372","article-title":"Stress, mood, and cortisol during daily life in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)","volume":"109","author":"Beddig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918773743","article-title":"Reproducible tables in psychology using the apaTables package","volume":"1","author":"Stanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","article-title":"Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis","volume":"27","author":"Treynor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref44","unstructured":"Wickham, H. , Fran\u00e7ois, R. , Henry, L. , & M\u00fcller, K. (2021). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation \u2013 dplyr-package. Retrieved August 9, 2022, from Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation website: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplyr"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90026-G","article-title":"Sex and depression in the national comorbidity survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence","volume":"29","author":"Kessler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22522","article-title":"Emotion-related impulsivity and rumination predict the perimenstrual severity and trajectory of symptoms in women with a menstrually related mood disorder","volume":"74","author":"Dawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22007","article-title":"Premenstrual disorders and rumination: Premenstrual disorders and rumination","volume":"70","author":"Craner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref24","unstructured":"Long, J. A. (2021). interactions: Comprehensive, User-Friendly Toolkit for Probing Interactions. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=interactions"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.569","article-title":"Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes","volume":"100","author":"Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220902891836","article-title":"Update on research and treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"17","author":"Cunningham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Harvard Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000138131.92408.b9","article-title":"Premenstrual exacerbation of depressive disorders in a community-based sample in the United States","volume":"66","author":"Hartlage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-009-0100-6","article-title":"The relationship between premenstrual distress and anxiety sensitivity: The mediating role of rumination","volume":"27","author":"Sigmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573","article-title":"Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination","volume":"127","author":"Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15576","article-title":"Commentary on Joyce et al.: Studying menstrual cycle effects on behavior requires within-person designs and attention to individual differences in hormone sensitivity","volume":"116","author":"Eisenlohr-Moul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x","article-title":"Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle","volume":"35","author":"Fehring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing: JOGNN"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000195","article-title":"Statistical power in two-level models: A tutorial based on Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"24","author":"Arend","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","article-title":"Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review","volume":"30","author":"Aldao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref3","unstructured":"Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)."},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0346-y","article-title":"ISPMD consensus on the management of premenstrual disorders","volume":"16","author":"Nevatte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Women's Mental Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref33","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2022, April 12). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. Retrieved July 15, 2022, from R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing website: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n0905","article-title":"Mood disorder history and personality assessment in premenstrual dysphoric disorder","volume":"62","author":"Critchlow","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103613","article-title":"Reciprocal effects between cognitive and affective states in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: An ecological momentary assessment study","volume":"131","author":"Beddig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0505-4","article-title":"Self-focused attention in response to laboratory stressors among women with premenstrual disorders","volume":"18","author":"Craner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Women's Mental Health"},{"key":"S0033291723003793_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2015.1101739","article-title":"Anxiety and rumination moderate menstrual cycle effects on mood in daily life","volume":"56","author":"Welz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Women and Health"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291723003793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T08:54:17Z","timestamp":1716886457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291723003793\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291723003793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291723003793","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}