{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1791806991389,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724000230_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concept of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) emerged from observations of personality characteristics common in relatives of schizophrenic patients. While often studied in family designs, few studies and none with genetic measures, have examined SPD in epidemiological samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724000230_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied individuals born in Sweden 1940\u20132000 with an ICD-10 diagnosis of SPD with no prior schizophrenia (SZ) diagnosis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2292). Demographic features, patterns of comorbidity, and Family Genetic Risk Scores (FGRS) were assessed from multiple Swedish registries. Prediction of progression to SZ was assessed by Cox models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724000230_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SPD was rare, with a prevalence of 0.044%, and had high levels of comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), OCD, ADHD, and major depression (MD), and increased rates of being single, unemployed and in receipt of welfare. Affected individuals had elevated levels of FGRS for SZ (+0.42), ASD (+0.30), MD (+0.29), and ADHD (+0.20). Compared to cases of schizophrenia, they had significantly lower rates of FGRS<jats:sub>SZ<\/jats:sub>, but significantly elevated rates of genetic risk for ASD, MD, and ADHD. Over a mean follow-up of 8.7 years, 14.6% of SPD cases received a first diagnosis of SZ, the risk for which was significantly increased by levels of FGRS<jats:sub>SZ<\/jats:sub>, male sex, young age at SPD diagnosis and an in-patient SPD diagnosis and significantly decreased by comorbidity with MD, ASD, and ADHD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724000230_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results not only support the designation of SPD as a schizophrenia spectrum disorder but also suggest potentially important etiologic links between SPD and ASD and, to a lesser extent, ADHD, OCD, and MD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724000230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T10:49:27Z","timestamp":1708080567000},"page":"2144-2151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The genetic epidemiology of schizotypal personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724000230_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx074","article-title":"Stress-dependent association between polygenic risk for schizophrenia and schizotypal traits in young army recruits","volume":"44","author":"Hatzimanolis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S0033291724000230_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0452-1","article-title":"Schizotypal personality disorder: A current review","volume":"16","author":"Rosell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"S0033291724000230_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","article-title":"External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register","volume":"11","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"S0033291724000230_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.590","article-title":"The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample","volume":"58","author":"Torgersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291724000230_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950160046009","article-title":"Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the Roscommon Family Study. 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