{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:04:46Z","timestamp":1779887086391,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001004_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined whether cannabis use contributes to the increased risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities in Europe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001004_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data from the EU-GEI study (collected at sites in Spain, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands) on 825 first-episode patients and 1026 controls. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) of psychotic disorder for several groups of migrants compared with the local reference population, without and with adjustment for measures of cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001004_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The OR of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities, adjusted for age, sex, and recruitment area, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.39\u20132.33). Further adjustment of this OR for frequency of cannabis use had a minimal effect: OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.38\u20132.37). The same applied to adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis. Likewise, adjustments of ORs for most sub-groups of non-western countries had a minimal effect. There were two exceptions. For the Black Caribbean group in London, after adjustment for frequency of use of high-potency cannabis the OR decreased from 2.45 (95% CI 1.25\u20134.79) to 1.61 (95% CI 0.74\u20133.51). Similarly, the OR for Surinamese and Dutch Antillean individuals in Amsterdam decreased after adjustment for daily use: from 2.57 (95% CI 1.07\u20136.15) to 1.67 (95% CI 0.62\u20134.53).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001004_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The contribution of cannabis use to the excess risk of psychotic disorder for non-western minorities was small. However, some evidence of an effect was found for people of Black Caribbean heritage in London and for those of Surinamese and Dutch Antillean heritage in Amsterdam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724001004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T09:27:44Z","timestamp":1715246864000},"page":"2937-2946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The contribution of cannabis use to the increased psychosis risk among minority ethnic groups in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1591-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. P.","family":"Selten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. E.","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gayer-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sz\u00f6ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Llorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Tarricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"la Cascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. M. A.","family":"van der Ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. P.","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. B.","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Termorshuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008353"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.933726"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796018000501"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722003816"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12634"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv144"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.187.2.101"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01831-x"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21160"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2022.2039595"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000029X"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001656"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.040"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref3","first-page":"15","article-title":"Current trends in adolescent substance use in Jamaica","volume":"2","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"West-Indian Medical Journal Open"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01222.x"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref1","volume-title":"European Drug report 2016: Trends and developments","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00129-8"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003219"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.2.150"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000035"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-0077-9"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0557-4"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-453"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20655"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120023394"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7062","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000399","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychotic disorders in the global south: Findings from Intrepid II","volume":"53","author":"Pow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850701830356"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref12","first-page":"923290","article-title":"Sources of error in substance use prevalence surveys","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Scholarly Research Notices"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554"},{"key":"S0033291724001004_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172000495X"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291724001004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T04:20:35Z","timestamp":1729138835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291724001004\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291724001004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291724001004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}