{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:07:48Z","timestamp":1787648868841,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-19-CHIA-0010-01 \"Big2Small\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CHIA-0010-01 \"Big2Small\""]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-SC1-2017, 754907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-SC1-2017, 754907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001776_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment resistance is a major challenge in psychiatric disorders. Early detection of potential future resistance would improve prognosis by reducing the delay to appropriate treatment adjustment and recovery. Here, we sought to determine whether neurodevelopmental markers can predict therapeutic response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001776_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy controls (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 236), patients with schizophrenia (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 280) or bipolar disorder (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 78) with a known therapeutic outcome, were retrospectively included. Age, sex, education, early developmental abnormalities (obstetric complications, height, weight, and head circumference at birth, hyperactivity, dyslexia, epilepsy, enuresis, encopresis), neurological soft signs (NSS), and ages at first subjective impairment, clinical symptoms, treatment, and hospitalization, were recorded. A supervised algorithm leveraged NSS and age at first clinical signs to classify between resistance and response in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001776_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Developmental abnormalities were more frequent in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder than in controls. NSS significantly differed between controls, responsive, and resistant participants with schizophrenia (5.5 \u00b1 3.0, 7.0 \u00b1 4.0, 15.0 \u00b1 6.0 respectively, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 3 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>) and bipolar disorder (5.5 \u00b1 3.0, 8.3 \u00b1 3.0, 12.5 \u00b1 6.0 respectively, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>). In schizophrenia, but not in bipolar disorder, age at first subjective impairment was three years lower, and age at first clinical signs two years lower, in resistant than responsive subjects (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 9 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>, respectively). Age at first clinical signs and NSS accurately predicted treatment response in schizophrenia (area-under-curve: 77 \u00b1 8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221214<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001776_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurodevelopmental features such as NSS and age of clinical onset provide a means to identify patients who may require rapid treatment adaptation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724001776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T05:02:33Z","timestamp":1728968553000},"page":"3655-3666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neurodevelopmental predictors of treatment response in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4927-2798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Iftimovici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Dalfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Legrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Scoriels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjes","family":"Bendjemaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Duchesnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Chaumette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4715-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Odile","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.4.551"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.886"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.109"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02298-3"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00272"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.018"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20745"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30057-9"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0470-3"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.062"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.01.012"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.073"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20514"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.01.006"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx002"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.4\/mcarbon"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12742"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12609"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab035"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.08.010"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.09.002"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.073429"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02754-w"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01200-3"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002083"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2009.11.012"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.120"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa089"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.006"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000312"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000435"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.02.001"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.12.006"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21111175"},{"key":"S0033291724001776_ref32","doi-asserted-by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(2018). Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. arXiv:1201.0490 [Cs]. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1201.0490"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291724001776","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T13:15:47Z","timestamp":1730726147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291724001776\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291724001776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291724001776","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}