{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:50:28Z","timestamp":1793832628282,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001843_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>People with schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar disorders (severe mental illnesses; \u2018SMI\u2019) experience excess mortality. Our aim was to explore longer-term trends in mortality, including the COVID-19 pandemic period, with a focus on additional vulnerabilities (psychiatric comorbidities and race\/ ethnicity) in SMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001843_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study using electronic health records from secondary mental healthcare, covering a UK region of 1.3 million people. Mortality trends spanning fourteen years, including the COVID-19 pandemic, were assessed in adults with clinician-ascribed ICD-10 diagnoses for schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001843_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sample comprised 22 361 people with SMI with median follow-up of 10.6 years. Standardized mortality ratios were more than double the population average pre-pandemic, increasing further during the pandemic, particularly in those with SMI and psychiatric comorbidities. Mortality risk increased steadily among people with SMI and comorbid depression, dementia, substance use disorders and anxiety over 13-years, increasing further during the pandemic. COVID-19 mortality was elevated in people with SMI and comorbid depression (sub-Hazard Ratio: 1.48 [95% CI 1.03\u20132.13]), dementia (sHR:1.96, 1.26\u20133.04) and learning disabilities (sHR:2.30, 1.30\u20134.06), compared to people with only SMI. COVID-19 mortality risk was similar for minority ethnic groups and White British people with SMI. Elevated all-cause mortality was evident in Black Caribbean (adjusted Rate Ratio: 1.40, 1.11\u20131.77) and Black African people with SMI (aRR: 1.59, 1.07\u20132.37) during the pandemic relative to earlier years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724001843_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mortality has increased over time in people with SMI. The pandemic exacerbated pre-existing trends. Actionable solutions are needed which address wider social determinants and address disease silos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724001843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T05:37:03Z","timestamp":1729489023000},"page":"3678-3688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long term mortality trends in people with severe mental illnesses and how COVID-19, ethnicity and other chronic mental health comorbidities contributed: a retrospective cohort 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