{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:07:35Z","timestamp":1794002855272,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002058_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between cannabis and psychosis is established, but the role of underlying genetics is unclear. We used data from the EU-GEI case-control study and UK Biobank to examine the independent and combined effect of heavy cannabis use and schizophrenia polygenic risk score (PRS) on risk for psychosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002058_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genome-wide association study summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort were used to calculate schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder (CUD) PRS for 1098 participants from the EU-GEI study and 143600 from the UK Biobank. Both datasets had information on cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002058_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both samples, schizophrenia PRS and cannabis use independently increased risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia PRS was not associated with patterns of cannabis use in the EU-GEI cases or controls or UK Biobank cases. It was associated with lifetime and daily cannabis use among UK Biobank participants without psychosis, but the effect was substantially reduced when CUD PRS was included in the model. In the EU-GEI sample, regular users of high-potency cannabis had the highest odds of being a case independently of schizophrenia PRS (OR daily use high-potency cannabis adjusted for PRS = 5.09, 95% CI 3.08\u20138.43, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 3.21 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>). We found no evidence of interaction between schizophrenia PRS and patterns of cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002058_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regular use of high-potency cannabis remains a strong predictor of psychotic disorder independently of schizophrenia PRS, which does not seem to be associated with heavy cannabis use. These are important findings at a time of increasing use and potency of cannabis worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:06:37Z","timestamp":1733443597000},"page":"4160-4172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The impact of schizophrenia genetic load and heavy cannabis use on the risk of psychotic disorder in the EU-GEI case-control and UK Biobank studies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3428-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Austin-Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Spinazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6051-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Wu-Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Trotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom P.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Tripoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Gayer-Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Jongsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ferraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"La Cascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tosato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Tarricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bonora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Seri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"D'Andrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Sz\u00f6ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Bobes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Sanju\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Marta","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Rossi Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Selten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart P. F.","family":"Rutten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Michel","family":"Llorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Stilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"La Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lasalvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Schurnhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Pignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lynskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"EU-GEI WP2 Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019 Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathryn M.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak C.","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Vassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Di Forti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.97.s01.1.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01563-z"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.070"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09534"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009021"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519795"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref46","first-page":"2867","article-title":"Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies","volume":"26","author":"Manichaikul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.016"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12634"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref20","volume-title":"European Drug report 2016: Trends and developments","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.06.018"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002131"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14525"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2368"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9111"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref5","author":"Brisacier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drogues, chiffres cl\u00e9s"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0416-1"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1471"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11112-0"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi027"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.51"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3564"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003362"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21614"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003378"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0557-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13082"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01399.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01672-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0339"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003172"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0206-1"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1813"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00117-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01526-0"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000399"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01831-x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00603.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref54","unstructured":"Pain, O . GenoPredPipe. https:\/\/github.com\/opain\/GenoPred\/tree\/master\/GenoPredPipe."},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref55","article-title":"Using local genetic correlation improves polygenic score prediction across traits","author":"Pain","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.252"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.022"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00143-8"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.051"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20629"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16200"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1690"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-008-0046-x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001798"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30339-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0517-y"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref10","unstructured":"Choi, S. (2020) GreedyRelated Project. Retrieved from https:\/\/gitlab.com\/choishingwan\/GreedyRelated"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0489-y"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108943246.022"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref65","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01330-w"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211070650"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3111"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172200229X"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02831.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16016"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2022.2038797"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref68","first-page":"216","article-title":"Participation bias in the UK Biobank distorts genetic associations and downstream analyses","author":"Schoeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.006"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14962"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3643"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114387"},{"key":"S0033291724002058_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3554"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291724002058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T01:05:23Z","timestamp":1750122323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291724002058\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291724002058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291724002058","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}