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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002174_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Educational attainment (EduA) is correlated with life outcomes, and EduA itself is influenced by both cognitive and non-cognitive factors. A recent study performed a \u2018genome-wide association study (GWAS) by subtraction,\u2019 subtracting genetic effects for cognitive performance from an educational attainment GWAS to create orthogonal \u2018cognitive\u2019 and \u2018non-cognitive\u2019 factors. These cognitive and non-cognitive factors showed associations with behavioral health outcomes in adults; however, whether these correlations are present during childhood is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002174_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using data from up to 5517 youth (ages 9\u201311) of European ancestry from the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development\n                      <jats:sup>SM<\/jats:sup>\n                      Study, we examined associations between polygenic scores (PGS) for cognitive and non-cognitive factors and cognition, risk tolerance, decision-making &amp; personality, substance initiation, psychopathology, and brain structure (e.g. volume, fractional anisotropy [FA]). Within-sibling analyses estimated whether observed genetic associations may be consistent with direct genetic effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002174_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both PGSs were associated with greater cognition and lower impulsivity, drive, and severity of psychotic-like experiences. The cognitive PGS was also associated with greater risk tolerance, increased odds of choosing delayed reward, and decreased likelihood of ADHD and bipolar disorder; the non-cognitive PGS was associated with lack of perseverance and reward responsiveness. Cognitive PGS were more strongly associated with larger regional cortical volumes; non-cognitive PGS were more strongly associated with higher FA. All associations were characterized by small effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002174_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the small sizes of these associations suggest that they are not effective for prediction within individuals, cognitive and non-cognitive PGS show unique associations with phenotypes in childhood at the population level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T05:10:52Z","timestamp":1729660252000},"page":"3737-3751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations between polygenic scores for cognitive and non-cognitive factors of educational attainment and measures of behavior, psychopathology, and neuroimaging in the adolescent brain cognitive development study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Gorelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A. 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