{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T18:05:26Z","timestamp":1787681126198,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018707","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101057529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020560","name":"South East Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002216_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous observational epidemiological studies have suggested that coffee consumption during pregnancy may affect fetal neurodevelopment. However, results are inconsistent and may represent correlational rather than causal relationships. The present study investigated whether maternal coffee consumption was observationally associated and causally related to offspring childhood neurodevelopmental difficulties (NDs) in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002216_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The observational relationships between maternal\/paternal coffee consumption (before and during pregnancy) and offspring NDs were assessed using linear regression analyses (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 58694 mother-child duos;\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22 576 father-child duos). To investigate potential causal relationships, individual-level (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 46 245 mother-child duos) and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted using genetic variants previously associated with coffee consumption as instrumental variables.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002216_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed positive associations between maternal coffee consumption and offspring difficulties with social-communication\/behavioral flexibility, and inattention\/hyperactive-impulsive behavior (multiple testing corrected\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.005). Paternal coffee consumption (negative control) was not observationally associated with the outcomes. After adjusting for potential confounders (smoking, alcohol, education and income), the maternal associations attenuated to the null. MR analyses suggested that increased maternal coffee consumption was causally associated with social-communication difficulties (individual-level: beta = 0.128, se = 0.043,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003; two-sample: beta = 0.348, se = 0.141,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.010). However, individual-level MR analyses that modelled potential pleiotropic pathways found the effect diminished (beta = 0.088, se = 0.049,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.071). Individual-level MR analyses yielded similar estimates (heterogeneity\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.619) for the causal effect of coffee consumption on social communication difficulties in maternal coffee consumers (beta = 0.153, se = 0.071,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) and non-consumers (beta = 0.107, se = 0.134,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.424).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002216_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, our results provide little evidence for a causal effect of maternal coffee consumption on offspring NDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T10:00:58Z","timestamp":1728468058000},"page":"3548-3561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mendelian randomization analysis of maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopmental difficulties in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1567-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon","family":"D'Urso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"},{"name":"The University of Queensland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn E","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC (Medical Research Council) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol"},{"name":"School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol"},{"name":"Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Ask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health"},{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center University of Oslo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Brito Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole A","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Dar","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunn-Helen","family":"Moen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo"},{"name":"K. 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