{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T00:16:52Z","timestamp":1794442612417,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023233","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018956","name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S003329172400237X_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>At a time of increased demand for specialist mental health services, a more nuanced understanding of how adolescents navigate systems of care and support is essential. We mapped \u2018networks of care\u2019 to explore patterns of mental health help-seeking alongside the perceived helpfulness of support accessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172400237X_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined data from 23 927 adolescents aged 11\u201318 years who participated in the 2023 OxWell Student Survey, an English school-based, repeated cross-sectional survey of mental health and wellbeing. Students self-reported past-year access to 18 types of support across informal (e.g. friends and family), semi-formal (e.g. school and charities), and formal (e.g. health and social care) domains, alongside how helpful they found the support. We used a network approach to explore interconnections between sources of support accessed and perceived helpfulness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172400237X_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One in four (27.0%, 6449\/23927) adolescents reported past-year access to mental health support, of which 56.7% (3658\/6449) reported accessing multiple types. Informal networks were the most commonly accessed (23.1%, 5523\/23927), followed by semi-formal (9.7%, 2317\/23927) and formal (6.8%, 1623\/23927) supports. Informal sources had high acceptability, with around 80\u201390% reporting them as helpful, whereas child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), helplines, and online supports were perceived to be the least helpful. The networks also identified groups who might not be optimally served by current systems, including gender diverse adolescents and adolescents who found mental health support from their parents unhelpful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S003329172400237X_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescents are accessing mental health support across informal, semi-formal, and formal sources of care. Services can no longer be developed, delivered, or evaluated in isolation from these networks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172400237x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:00:52Z","timestamp":1734591652000},"page":"4537-4550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Networks of care for the modern adolescent"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8642-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon R.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1666-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Soneson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"OxWell Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Fazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref42a","article-title":"Trans and gender diverse identities in adolescent health research: Making the most of imperfect data","author":"Soneson","year":"In press","journal-title":"BMJ Mental Health"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-012-0433-9"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref43","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mental Health Review Journal","volume":"26","author":"Thomas","year":"2021"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101661"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref5","unstructured":"Census 2021. (2023). Ethnic group variable: Census 2021. Office for National Statistics. Ethnic group variable: Census 2021."},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref28","unstructured":"Marshall, L. , Wishart, R. , Dunatchik, A. , & Smith, N. (2017). Supporting mental health in schools and colleges."},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref14","article-title":"Current evidence and opportunities in child and adolescent public mental health: A research review","volume":"64","author":"Fazel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21160"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12216"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref9","volume-title":"Transforming children and young people's mental health provision: A green paper","year":"2017"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-022-02498-5"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref26","unstructured":"Mannes, J. , Coughlan, B. , Yoon, Y. , Morgan, T. , Drayak, T. , Crozier-Roche, F. , \u2026 Duschinsky, R. (2024). A call for change Tackling inequalities in access to mental health support for children with social work involvement and those living in poverty."},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1578-y"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00817-w"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceived need and barriers to adolescent mental health care: Agreement between adolescents and their parents","volume":"29","author":"Schnyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104516656722"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref6","volume-title":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"26","author":"Clarke","year":"2021"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000027"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022936"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-369"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.04.017"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05715-1"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.10.006"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.896"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-020-01080-9"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250691"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052717"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref20","volume-title":"Developmental Review","volume":"47","author":"Heerde","year":"2018"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12045"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02328-z"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13873"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13060786"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref35","article-title":"Why do children and adolescents (not) seek and access professional help for their mental health problems? 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Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2017: Professional services, informal support, and education. November."},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12055"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3747"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.881248"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07941-3"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30388-6"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300060"},{"key":"S003329172400237X_ref45","volume-title":"Adolescent health","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003329172400237X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T02:00:44Z","timestamp":1747101644000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003329172400237X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S003329172400237X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003329172400237x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}