{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:05:35Z","timestamp":1793372735884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002587_sec_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational studies consistently report associations between tobacco use, cannabis use and mental illness. However, the extent to which this association reflects an increased risk of new-onset mental illness is unclear and may be biased by unmeasured confounding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002587_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic review and meta-analysis (CRD42021243903). Electronic databases were searched until November 2022. Longitudinal studies in general population samples assessing tobacco and\/or cannabis use and reporting the association (e.g. risk ratio [RR]) with incident anxiety, mood, or psychotic disorders were included. Estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analyses. Bias was explored using a modified Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale, confounder matrix,\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values, and Doi plots.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002587_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seventy-five studies were included. Tobacco use was associated with mood disorders (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 43; RR: 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30\u20131.47), but not anxiety disorders (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7; RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.87\u20131.68) and evidence for psychotic disorders was influenced by treatment of outliers (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4, RR: 3.45, 95% CI 2.63\u20134.53;\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5, RR: 2.06, 95% CI 0.98\u20134.29). Cannabis use was associated with psychotic disorders (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4; RR: 3.19, 95% CI 2.07\u20134.90), but not mood (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7; RR: 1.31, 95% CI 0.92\u20131.86) or anxiety disorders (\n                      <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7; RR: 1.10, 95% CI 0.99\u20131.22). Confounder matrices and\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values suggested potential overestimation of effects. Only 27% of studies were rated as high quality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002587_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both substances were associated with psychotic disorders and tobacco use was associated with mood disorders. There was no clear evidence of an association between cannabis use and mood or anxiety disorders. Limited high-quality studies underscore the need for future research using robust causal inference approaches (e.g. evidence triangulation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T07:15:58Z","timestamp":1733123758000},"page":"4287-4301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Associations of cannabis use, tobacco use, and incident anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5667-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom P.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4793-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn E.","family":"Wootton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1354-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabel","family":"Burnley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3052-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5194-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2185-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma M. J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw140"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref122","first-page":"9","article-title":"Assessing bias: The importance of considering confounding","volume":"03","author":"Skelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-040320-084904"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.083"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.2.161"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001438"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2017.52"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01875.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1199"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0400400204"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120543"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000141"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.011"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001848"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02586-0"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.09.026"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-20"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00321-z"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100180X"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.10.012"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015156"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03843.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108553"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2010.43.3.193"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, M. , Petersen, J. M. , & Trinquart, L. (2022). metaconfoundr: Visualize \u2018Confounder\u2019 Control in Meta-Analyses. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=metaconfoundr","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.metaconfoundr"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15381"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs184"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125319859969"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2018.05.005"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.131"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.006"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1874432"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00161-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1919"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.02.010"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.012"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12863"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.037"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92392-1_41"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty160"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15010126"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.967"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.09.006"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.002"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013180118"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055499"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01173-3"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2171"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112705"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15290"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref115","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","volume":"63","author":"Rothman","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112523"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00308-6"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.05.004"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032852"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2018-0007"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm165"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.04.021"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fmch-2021-000937"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac027"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00208-4"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1422"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref57","volume-title":"Citationchaser: An R package and shiny app for forward and backward citations chasing in academic searching","author":"Haddaway","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-112"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002261"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2022.100335"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10884600902850111"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf043"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.004"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-017-0237-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-356"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsicpr.2020.15.2.123"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13104"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1544"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.09.021"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.037"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1219"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221099769"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1854"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.11.025"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20894"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00152-2"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.095"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.4.748"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.10.006"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000502"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty163"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01621.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.007"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer, G. (2022). meta: General package for meta-analysis. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=meta","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369.ch26"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2136"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.003"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00104"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.692"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347-9"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08993-y"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.014"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21111126"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01092.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21023"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.03.004"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102754"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.035"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.017"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.1977.10533299"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2019.1674991"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab218"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref133","volume-title":"World drug report 2020","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30377-1"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03837.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.9.1663"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15714\/scandpsychol.5.e8"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02883426"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.016"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01885.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2002.1029"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720000136"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11r07222"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002488"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005127"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2588"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.10.012"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.01.004"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0522"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref143","unstructured":"Wells, G. , Shea, B. , O'Connell, D. , Peterson, J. , Welch, V. , Losos, M. , & Tugwell, P. (2013). The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13506"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018819865828"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.018"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1237-6"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1995758"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01189.x"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.045"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199612000-00011"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00333-8"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref35","first-page":"e20210429","article-title":"Bidirectionality of smoking and depression in adolescents: A systemic review","volume":"45","author":"Farooqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4271"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620959287"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.12.2216"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122896"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.08.014"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.585597"},{"key":"S0033291724002587_ref118","first-page":"1725","article-title":"Bidirectional association between tobacco use and depression risk in the SUN cohort study","volume":"0","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Villegas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adicciones"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291724002587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T21:05:24Z","timestamp":1750107924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291724002587\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291724002587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291724002587","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.03.17.23287299","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}