{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T02:07:56Z","timestamp":1778551676062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002745_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug use Disorder (DUD), the risk for which is substantially influenced by both genetic and social factors, is geographically concentrated in high-risk regions. An important step toward understanding this pattern is to examine geographical distributions of the genetic liability to DUD and a key demographic risk factor \u2013 social deprivation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002745_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We calculated the mean family genetic risk score (FGRS) for DUD ((FGRS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub>) and social deprivation for each of the 5983 areas Demographic Statistical Areas (DeSO) for all of Sweden and used geospatial techniques to analyze and map these factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002745_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 2018 data, substantial spatial heterogeneity was seen in the distribution of the genetic risk for DUD in Sweden as a whole and in its three major urban centers which was confirmed by hot-spot analyses. Across DeSOs, FGRS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub> and <jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> levels were substantially but imperfectly correlated (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = + 0.63), with more scattering at higher FGRS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub> and <jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> scores. Joint mapping across DeSOs for FGRS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub> and <jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> revealed a diversity of patterns across Sweden. The stability of the distributions of FGRS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub> and <jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> in DeSOs within Sweden over the years 2012\u20132018 was quite high.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002745_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The geographical distribution of the genetic risk to DUD is quite variable in Sweden. DeSO levels of <jats:sc>s.d.<\/jats:sc> and FRGS<jats:sub>DUD<\/jats:sub> were substantially correlated but also disassociated in a number of regions. The observed patterns were largely consistent with known trends in the human geography of Sweden. This effort lays the groundwork for further studies of the sources of geographic variation in rates of DUD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T09:26:44Z","timestamp":1733131604000},"page":"4419-4428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The geographical distribution of the family-genetic risk score for drug use disorder in Sweden and its co-localization with areas of social deprivation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Mansourian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003317"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01454-z"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009164719101900102"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100538"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0757-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005535"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003354"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.3.322","article-title":"Religion, psychopathology, and substance use and abuse; a multimeasure, genetic-epidemiologic study","volume":"154","author":"Kendler","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.41"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195118667.001.0001"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref10","volume-title":"Mental disorders in urban areas: An ecological study of schizophrenia and other psychoses","author":"Faris","year":"1939"},{"key":"S0033291724002745_ref17","unstructured":"Jansson, U. , Wastenson, L. , Aspenberg, P. , & Tanner, R. 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