{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:25:03Z","timestamp":1767108303519,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":44,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-HD007545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-HD007545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL160850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL160850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2C-HD041022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2C-HD041022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002915_sec_a1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities persist in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are partly attributed to minoritized women being trauma-exposed, while also contending with harmful contextual stressors. However, few have used analytic strategies that capture the interplay of these experiences and their relation to PTSD. The current study used a person-centered statistical approach to examine heterogeneity in trauma and contextual stress exposure, and their associations with PTSD and underlying symptom dimensions, in a diverse sample of low-income postpartum women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002915_sec_a2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a community-based sample of Black, Hispanic\/Latina, and White postpartum women recruited from five U.S. regions (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1577), a latent class analysis generated profiles of past-year exposure to traumatic events and contextual stress at one month postpartum. Regression analyses then examined associations between class membership and PTSD symptom severity at six months postpartum as a function of race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002915_sec_a3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A four-class solution best fit the data, yielding High Contextual Stress, Injury\/Illness, Violence Exposure, and Low Trauma\/Contextual Stress classes. Compared to the Low Trauma\/Contextual Stress class, membership in any of the other classes was associated with greater symptom severity across nearly all PTSD symptom dimensions (all <jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, constellations of exposures were differentially linked to total PTSD symptom severity, reexperiencing, and numbing PTSD symptoms across racial\/ethnic groups (<jats:italic>ps<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0033291724002915_sec_a4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A person-centered approach to trauma and contextual stress exposure can capture heterogeneity of experiences in diverse, low-income women. Moreover, racially\/ethnically patterned links between traumatic or stressful exposures and PTSD symptom dimensions have implications for screening and intervention in the perinatal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291724002915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T05:36:44Z","timestamp":1736833004000},"page":"4747-4758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trauma exposure, contextual stressors, and PTSD symptoms: patterns in racially and ethnically diverse, low-income postpartum women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin B.","family":"Kofman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-243X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joni","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2671-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Dunkel Schetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000818"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref50","first-page":"12","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in PTSD","volume":"31","author":"Spoont","year":"2020","journal-title":"PTSD Research Quarterly"},{"volume-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Final report of the commission on social determinants of health","year":"2008","key":"S0033291724002915_ref13"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00196-1"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.09.031"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.03.010"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573400512666160505150257"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad126"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mhs2.35"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.928270"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2013.824781"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504115"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.039"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2020.1869098"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1194-5"},{"key":"S0033291724002915_ref48","first-page":"461","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model. 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