{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:41:18Z","timestamp":1788169278913,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":100,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725000674_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated maternal interleukin 6 (IL-6) during pregnancy has been associated with adverse fetal brain development and neurodevelopmental disorders, which often involve executive functioning (EF) impairments. However, the association between maternal IL-6 levels during pregnancy and EF remains largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725000674_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COPSYCH study is based on the prospective COPSAC2010 birth cohort of 700 mother-child pairs, recruited during pregnancy. The children\u2019s executive functioning was assessed at age 10 using: (i) the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) parental questionnaire, and (ii) a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Maternal blood levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP were measured at gestational week 24. Associations between IL-6 (main analysis) and hs-CRP (secondary analysis) and EF in children at age 10 were investigated with regression models with extensive confounder adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725000674_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six hundred and four children (86% of the cohort) completed the 10-year follow-up. Higher maternal IL-6 levels were significantly associated with less efficient parental-rated executive functioning in the children: BRIEF-2 Global Executive Composite score (p = 0.003), Behavior Regulation Index (p = 0.005), Emotion Regulation Index (p=0.04), and Cognitive Regulation Index (p=0.007). Interaction analysis with sex was significant (p-value=0.01) and exploratory analyses showed that IL-6 associations to BRIEF-2 were solely driven by boys. Associations between IL-6 and neuropsychological tests, as well as associations between hs-CRP and EF outcomes, were non-significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725000674_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-6 during pregnancy was associated with less efficient everyday EF in children at age 10. If replicated, preventive strategies targeting inflammation in pregnancy may ameliorate adverse cognitive outcomes in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725000674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T23:40:06Z","timestamp":1744328406000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal interleukin 6 in pregnancy is associated with\n                    <i>everyday, but not test-based<\/i>\n                    executive functioning in 10-year-old children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6265-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Richardt 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