{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:50:29Z","timestamp":1789516229683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":132,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are commonly associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood, studies frequently collapse ACEs into a single unitary index, making it difficult to identify specific targets for intervention and prevention. Furthermore, studies rarely explore sex differences in this area despite males and females often differing in the experiences of ACEs, depressive symptoms, and inflammatory activity. To address these issues, we used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to model the effects of 10 different ACEs on C-reactive protein (CRP) and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Path modeling was used to measure the effects of ACEs on CRP and depressive symptoms conjointly while also assigning covariances among ACEs to assess their interrelations. Sex-by-ACE interaction terms and sex-disaggregated models were used to test for potential differences. Emotional abuse and parental incarceration were consistently related to both CRP and depressive symptoms for males and females. Childhood maltreatment was associated with depressive symptoms for females, whereas sexual abuse was associated with inflammation for males. Several covariances among ACEs were identified, indicating potential networks through which ACEs are indirectly associated with CRP and depressive symptoms. These data demonstrate that ACEs have differing direct effects on CRP and depressive symptoms \u2013 and that they differ with respect to how they cluster \u2013 for males versus females. These differences should be considered in theory and clinical workflows aiming to understand, treat, and prevent the long-term impacts of ACEs on depressive symptoms and inflammation-related health conditions in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725001102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1747134973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Adverse childhood experiences, inflammation, and depression: evidence of sex- and stressor specific effects in a nationally representative longitudinal sample of U.S. adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8565-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay D.","family":"O\u2019Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5710-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George M.","family":"Slavich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-9602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orion","family":"Mowbray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291725001102_r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40037-020-00602-3"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0098628316662768"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.029488"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r36","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101299"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lim2.75"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2672"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.03.016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r87","volume-title":"Add Health Wave IV documentation: Measures of inflammation and immune function","author":"Whitsel","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.01.003"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.072"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801238115"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-2-4"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417001390"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000534"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106034"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.017"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164418783530"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.029"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.06.016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100611"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0618-5"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102282"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2871"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.019"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.259"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0562-1"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.06.016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000064-016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243685"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613478594"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a2"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0597-9"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01478-x"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r90","unstructured":"Lumley, T. (2024). Survey: Analysis of complex survey samples. R package version 4.4."},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05326-9"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.2.223"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106091"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r82","unstructured":"Team, R. C. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.1.89"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.424"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031616"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.826155"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105335"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.020"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12621"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0675-0"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2023.2171900"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.10.012"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.035"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.006"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-024-01490-8"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70817"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz115"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.06.022"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2024.2401788"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.013"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.12.022"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3313"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0431"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028727"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100367"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.01.016"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1641079"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.02.002"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r10","volume-title":"Add Health documentation: Guidelines for analyzing Add Health data","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.093062"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211882"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12617"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648049"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12998"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.12.019"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r91","unstructured":"Sawyer, W. , & Wagner, P. (2024). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2024. Prison Policy Initiative."},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r73","volume-title":"APA handbook of depression: Vol. 1. Classification, co-occurring conditions, and etiological processes","author":"Slavich","year":"in press"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i01"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0096-3"},{"key":"S0033291725001102_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504264265"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291725001102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:16:18Z","timestamp":1747134978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291725001102\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0033291725001102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291725001102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e140"}}