{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:08:28Z","timestamp":1793304508712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":132,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018727","name":"One Mind","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725001217_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>To understand the pathogenetic mechanisms shared among schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BP), and major depression (MDD), we investigated the pleiotropic mechanisms using large-scale genome-wide and brain transcriptomic data.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725001217_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>We analyzed SCZ, BP, and MDD genome-wide association datasets available from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium using the PLEIO framework and characterized the pleiotropic loci identified using pathway and tissue enrichment analyses. Pleiotropic and disorder-specific loci were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725001217_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our pleiotropy-informed genome-wide analysis identified 553 variants that included 192 loci not reaching genome-wide significance in input datasets. These were enriched for five molecular pathways: cadherin signaling (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02.18\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>), Alzheimer\u2019s disease-amyloid secretase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>), oxytocin receptor-mediated signaling (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.47\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>), metabotropic glutamate receptor group III (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05.82\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>) and Wnt signaling (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.61\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u221211<\/jats:sup>). Pleiotropic loci demonstrated the strongest enrichment in the brain cortex (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05.8\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u221228<\/jats:sup>), frontal cortex (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u221231<\/jats:sup>), and cerebellar hemisphere (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a09.8\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u221228<\/jats:sup>). SCZ-BP-MDD pleiotropic variants were also enriched for neurodevelopmental brain transcriptomic profiles related to the second-trimester post-conception (week 21, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07.35\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>; week 17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06.36\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>) and first year of life (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03.25\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725001217_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Genetic mechanisms shared among SCZ, BP, and MDD appear to be related to early neuronal development. Because the genetic architecture of psychopathology transcends diagnostic boundaries, pleiotropy-focused analyses can lead to increased gene discovery and novel insights into relevant pathogenic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725001217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:16:13Z","timestamp":1747134973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterizing pleiotropy among bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression: a genome-wide cross-disorder meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Eleni","family":"Friligkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gita A.","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Tylee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"De Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Cabrera-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Polimanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291725001217_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4178-07.2008"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1934-x"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.06.009"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160325120625"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052810"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.026"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1999.11024862"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2005-6-5-r44"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0705-9"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0102-1"},{"key":"S0033291725001217_r20","unstructured":"Max Lam, C. 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