{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:44:23Z","timestamp":1783140263725,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":201,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001782","name":"University of Melbourne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012698","name":"Jack Brockhoff Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001036","name":"Australian Rotary Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725100731_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Most cognitive studies of bipolar disorder (BD) have examined case\u2013control differences on cognitive tests using measures of central tendency, which do not consider intraindividual variability (IIV); a distinct cognitive construct that reliably indexes meaningful cognitive differences between individuals. In this study, we sought to characterize IIV in BD by examining whether it differs from healthy controls (HCs) and is associated with other cognitive measures, clinical variables, and white matter microstructure.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725100731_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Two hundred and seventeen adults, including 100 BD outpatients and 117 HCs, completed processing speed, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function tasks. A subsample of 55 BD participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging. IIV was operationalized as the individual standard deviation in reaction time on the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725100731_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>BD participants had significantly increased IIV compared to age-matched controls. Increased IIV was associated with poorer mean performance scores on processing speed, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function tasks, as well as two whole-brain white matter indices: fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725100731_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>IIV is increased in BD and appears to correlate with other cognitive variables, as well as white matter measures that index reduced structural integrity and demyelination. Thus, IIV may represent a neurobiologically informative cognitive measure for BD research that is worthy of further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725100731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T03:03:30Z","timestamp":1753067010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterizing intraindividual variability in bipolar disorder: links to cognition, white matter microstructure, and clinical variables"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia F.","family":"Caruana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James 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