{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:02:50Z","timestamp":1788289370380,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":225,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA030005 and R01AA023534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA030005 and R01AA023534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101116_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigate whether, in Swedish national registers, social and psychiatric outcomes for six major psychiatric and substance disorders \u2013 drug use disorder (DUD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), major depression (MD), bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorder (AD), and schizophrenia (SZ) \u2013 reflect the primary genetic risk for each disorder and the level of genetic heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101116_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We utilize Genetic Risk Ratios \u2013 defined as the ratio of the genetic risk for secondary disorders to the genetic risk for the primary disorder \u2013 derived from Family Genetic Risk Scores. Poor social outcome was defined by a common factor of four variables: receipt of social welfare, sick leave, early retirement pension, and residence in a socially deprived area. Psychiatric outcome was defined as days of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101116_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With poorer social outcomes, the primary genetic risks rose robustly for all disorders except SZ, as did the secondary genetic risks for DUD, AUD, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. With poorer psychiatric outcomes, available only for BD and SZ, the primary genetic risks increased sharply. Overall, MD, AD, and BD became substantially more genetically heterogenous as their social outcomes became poorer, while for AUD, DUD, and SZ, the increase in heterogeneity was more modest. By contrast, with poorer psychiatric outcome, genetic risks for SZ became substantially more genetically homogeneous, with a similar but less robust trend seen for BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101116_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite important differences between our primary disorders, social and psychiatric outcomes are often robust indices of genetic risk and can reflect the levels of genetic heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725101116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T10:30:19Z","timestamp":1755167419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The outcome of major psychiatric and substance use disorders as an index of genetic risk and genetic heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a77v79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lund University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012a77v79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Lund University"},{"name":"University Clinic Primary Care 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