{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:08:04Z","timestamp":1794002884484,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":219,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F-116508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-116508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101190_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Childhood trauma is a well-established risk factor for psychosis, paranoia, and substance use, with cannabis being a modifiable environmental factor that exacerbates these vulnerabilities. This study examines the interplay between childhood trauma, cannabis use, and paranoia using standard tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) units as a comprehensive measure of cannabis exposure.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101190_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Data were derived from the Cannabis&amp;Me study, an observational, cross-sectional, online survey of 4,736 participants. Childhood trauma was assessed using a modified Childhood Trauma Screen Questionnaire, while paranoia was measured via the Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale. Cannabis use was quantified using weekly standard THC units. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to evaluate direct and indirect pathways between trauma, cannabis use, and paranoia.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101190_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Childhood trauma was strongly associated with paranoia, particularly emotional, and physical abuse (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016.10, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016.40, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Cannabis use significantly predicted paranoia (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Interactions emerged between standard THC units and both emotional abuse (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and household discord (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011, <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). SEM revealed a small but significant indirect effect of trauma on paranoia via cannabis use (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.017).<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101190_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>These findings highlight childhood trauma as a primary driver of paranoia, with cannabis use amplifying its effects. While trauma had a strong direct impact, cannabis played a significant mediating role. Integrating standard THC units into psychiatric research and clinical assessments may enhance risk detection and refine intervention strategies, particularly for childhood trauma-exposed individuals.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725101190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T07:01:23Z","timestamp":1754636483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The impact of childhood trauma and cannabis use on paranoia: a structural equation model approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Trotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Spinazzola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Degen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Austin-Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bok Man","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"},{"name":"North London NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Aas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Sideli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LUMSA University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom P.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe C. 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