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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172510144X_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cannabis use in young adulthood is common, yet few studies have explored how it predicts\n                      <jats:italic>changes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in psychopathology and functional well-being in community samples. We assessed these links using both self-reported frequency of cannabis use and hair THC concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172510144X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data came from a community sample of young adults (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0863) who reported cannabis use (weekly-to-daily use:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0150) and provided hair samples at age 20 (cannabis detected:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0110). Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry quantified delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinol (CBN) concentrations in hair. At ages 20 and 24, participants reported psychopathology (psychotic-like experiences, problematic substance use, internalizing symptoms, and aggression) and functional wellbeing (general well-being, delinquency, and not being in employment, education, or training). Multiple linear and logit regression models tested associations between six different continuous and dichotomous operationalizations of self-reported and objective cannabis exposure at age 20 and psychological and functional well-being at age 24, adjusting for sex, sociodemographic characteristics, and the outcomes measured at age 20.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172510144X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both self-reported frequency of cannabis use and hair THC concentrations predicted increases in psychotic-like experiences and internalizing symptoms, increased aggression, decreased general well-being, higher odds of not being in employment, training, or education, and more problematic substance use from age 20 to 24, with small effect sizes. Composite exposure scores derived from self-reports and hair data were not more informative than either source alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172510144X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent cannabis use predicted adverse changes in psychopathological outcomes from ages 20 to 24, regardless of how it was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172510144x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:36:03Z","timestamp":1756208163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cannabis use is associated with changes in psychological and functional well-being during young adulthood: evidence from self-reports and hair analyses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Johnson-Ferguson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01462r250","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8669-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Loher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Bechtiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Janousch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01462r250","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus R.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina M.","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1668-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Ribeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Eisner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7933-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris B.","family":"Quednow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01462r250","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich"},{"name":"ETH Zurich and University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4534-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02crff812","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Zurich"},{"name":"University of Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172510144X_r14","unstructured":"FOPH. 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