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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101827_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Euthymic bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with general and domain-specific cognitive impairment, which predicts poor occupational and social functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101827_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched Embase, Medline, and PsycInfo for articles published between database inception and June 2024, examining cognitive domains in euthymic BD. We conducted meta-analysis, meta-regressions, including premorbid IQ, demographic, and clinical variables. Newcastle Ottawa Scale,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic, and funnel plots\/Egger\u2019s and Begg\u2019s Test were used to assess quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias, respectively. The Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) procedure was utilised for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101827_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 95 groups from 75 studies (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4,404 BD &amp; 4,037 HC). BD showed significant impairment in general cognitive functioning (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.58, 95%CI: \u22120.79, \u22120.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), verbal memory (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.70, 95%CI: \u22120.79, \u22120.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), executive function (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.69, 95%CI: \u22120.78, \u22120.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), visuo-spatial memory (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.68, 95%CI: \u22120.83, \u22120.53,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), attention\/processing speed (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.64, 95%CI: \u22120.75, \u22120.54,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), working memory (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.61, 95%CI: \u22120.74, \u22120.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01), and premorbid IQ (Hedge\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.24, 95%CI: \u22120.36, \u22120.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.01). Demographic and clinical factors were not associated with cognitive performance, except for a statistically significant, but small positive correlation between years of education and lower impairment in verbal memory,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .066, adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725101827_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings highlight cognitive domains impaired in euthymic BD, indicating targets for interventions. Substantial variance is unexplained, warranting focus on larger samples of individual-level data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725101827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:56:41Z","timestamp":1762329401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Domain-specific cognitive function in euthymic bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Swidzinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Tsapekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s 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