{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:18:43Z","timestamp":1785406723868,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":292,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013227","name":"Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL19C0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL19C0023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition that impairs health and function. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment traditionally delivered face-to-face. Recently, digital CBT delivered online has gained prominence because of access barriers and user preferences. Although many digital CBT studies have emerged, few systematic reviews have directly compared digital and face-to-face CBT in adults with AUD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate their comparative effectiveness. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search identified 25 randomized controlled trials (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a02,065) comparing these formats. A random-effects meta-analysis evaluated pre- and post-effectiveness by calculating the standardized mean change using raw score standardization (SMCR). For drinking quantity, digital CBT showed a significant pre\u2013post effect (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a01.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 2.04;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.004). Face-to-face CBT showed no overall significant effect (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a00.69, 95% CI: \u22120.16 to 1.53;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.110). However, subgroup analysis of face-to-face trials showed significance for active treatment (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a01.09), but a nonsignificant negative effect for relapse prevention (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.72). For drinking frequency, both interventions yielded statistically significant effects; however, face-to-face CBT demonstrated a stronger effect (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a01.02, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.74;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.006) than digital CBT (SMCR\u00a0=\u00a00.54, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.79;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Forest plots were generated, and Begg\u2019s test was used to assess publication bias.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:08:54Z","timestamp":1760958534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of digital versus face-to-face cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046865y68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046865y68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine"},{"name":"Industry\u2013University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industry\u2013University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Kyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Seok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4557-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungwon","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046865y68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hanyang University College of Medicine"},{"name":"Industry\u2013University Cooperation Foundation, Hanyang University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291725102043_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31746"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r7","first-page":"CD004148","article-title":"Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations","volume":"2","author":"Kaner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1691"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r12","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2023"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-016-9601-8"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.012"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-023-00515-1"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r11","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29666","DOI":"10.2196\/29666","article-title":"Effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.35205"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1479"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12441"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-022-00319-0"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0835"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r6","first-page":"CD004148","article-title":"Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary care populations","volume":"2","author":"Kaner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r10","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2021). Treatment for alcohol problems: Finding and getting help (NIH Publication No. 21-AA-8011). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/publications\/treatment-alcohol-problems-finding-and-getting-help"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099912"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03687.x"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r24","volume-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20151"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2023.100630","article-title":"High- versus low-intensity internet interventions for alcohol use disorders (AUD): A two-year follow-up of a single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2023","journal-title":"Internet Interventions"},{"key":"S0033291725102043_r4","volume-title":"The Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (version 6.3)","author":"Higgins","year":"2022"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102870","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000}}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291725102043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T12:40:33Z","timestamp":1771504833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291725102043\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S0033291725102043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291725102043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e315"}}