{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:18:08Z","timestamp":1787671088906,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":307,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102316_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conduct disorder and childhood head injuries frequently co-occur and are linked to a higher risk of later delinquency. While both are known to disrupt reward-related neural circuits, this study investigated whether their combined presence leads to a unique disruption in these pathways, potentially accounting for the increased risk of delinquency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102316_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using neuroimaging data from the baseline (age 9\u201310) assessment from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, four groups were compared: children with conduct disorder (CD,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0588), a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01,216), both (mTBI+CD,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0252), and typically developing controls (TD,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0705). Neural activation in eight regions of interest (amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, caudal anterior cingulate cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, and insula) during reward anticipation and receipt were assessed during the monetary incentive delay task.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102316_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After controlling for several covariates, including sex, ADHD, and internalizing problems, the mTBI+CD group displayed greater left amygdala and hippocampal activation during reward receipt compared to all other groups. While they displayed increased activation in the right hippocampus and thalamus compared to TD controls and the right hippocampus compared to the mTBI group, they did not differ from the CD group. No group differences emerged during reward anticipation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102316_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased left amygdala and hippocampus activation in children with conduct disorder and a history of mild traumatic brain injury may reflect robust encoding of emotionally charged reward experiences, potentially reinforcing memory-guided, reward-seeking behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T06:50:51Z","timestamp":1762239051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neural reward processing among children with conduct disorder and mild traumatic brain injury in the ABCD study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah Rae","family":"Carr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ryk1543","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Southampton"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedwig","family":"Eisenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040r6f76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Victoria University of Wellington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Golm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ryk1543","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Southampton"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ryk1543","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Southampton"},{"name":"Hannover Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291725102316_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0095-y"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24370"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24184"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r51","first-page":"391","article-title":"Reward-related brain activity prospectively predicts increases in alcohol use in adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Swartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.03.003"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172500087X"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000339"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300227.67748.77"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.06.001"},{"key":"S0033291725102316_r39","unstructured":"Moos, R. 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