{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:15:44Z","timestamp":1789139744079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T2122005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2122005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102444_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is often comorbid with alcohol use problems, and sex differences may further complicate this interplay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102444_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal study using a large European adolescent cohort assessed at ages 14 (baseline, BL), 16 (follow-up 1, FU1), 19 (follow-up 2, FU2), and 23 (follow-up 3, FU3). Depression and alcohol use were measured using standardized behavioral scales. Cross-lagged analysis, improved Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted to infer the causal interplay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102444_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      2110 adolescents were included at baseline (49% male). Depression and alcohol consumption demonstrated a significant positive correlation (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        r\n                        <jats:sub>BL<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.094,\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        p\n                        <jats:sub>BL<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.58E-05, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0[0.052, 0.137]), which gradually diminished over time and eventually became significantly negative. Depression and alcohol use problems remained strongly correlated across three timepoints (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.074,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a06.76E-03). Cross-lagged analysis suggested that depression predicted future alcohol use problems:\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        \u03b2\n                        <jats:sub>BL-FU1<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.058,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.021, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0[0.009, 0.108];\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        \u03b2\n                        <jats:sub>FU2-FU3<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.142,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08.34E-07, 95% CI\u00a0=\u00a0[0.113, 0.263]. MR analyses confirmed this causal interplay (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        r\n                        <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.043, longitudinal\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        p\n                        <jats:sub>permuation<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Interestingly, MR analyses also indicated that alcohol consumption might alleviate depression (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        r\n                        <jats:sub>mean<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.022, longitudinal\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        p\n                        <jats:sub>permutation<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.043), particularly in females at FU3, of which the anxiety status and the personality trait neuroticism largely mediated the effect. These findings were validated in an independent matched sample (N\u00a0=\u00a0562) from Human Connectome Project.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102444_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression may predict future alcohol use problems, whereas moderate alcohol consumption might alleviate depressive symptoms, especially in females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:06:22Z","timestamp":1769472382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The causal interplay between depression and alcohol use from adolescence to young adulthood: a Mendelian randomization 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