{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:12:46Z","timestamp":1785420766593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":323,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005407","name":"Food and Health Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MHS-P1 (Part 2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHS-P1 (Part 2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102468_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Major depressive episodes (MDEs) are highly recurrent in clinical samples. However, the course of MDEs and predictors of their endurance are unclear in the general youth population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102468_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated prospective factors associated with enduring MDE (the presence of 12-month DSM-IV MDE at baseline and 1 year using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview\u2013Screening Scales) in 1,833 participants of a 1-year epidemiological youth cohort study in Hong Kong. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the influences of a range of personal and environmental factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102468_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline, 13.7% participants had MDEs, among whom 21.1% presented enduring MDEs. More severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u00a0=\u00a05.54, confidence interval [CI]\u00a0=\u00a02.14\u201314.38), depression (aOR\u00a0=\u00a03.92, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.79\u20138.62), and generalized anxiety (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.27, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.21\u20134.25) at baseline were among the strongest associated factors for enduring MDE, with trends of associations observed for psychotic-like experiences (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.98, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.98\u20134.02) and eating disorder symptoms (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.88, CI\u00a0=\u00a00.90\u20133.95). Among various types of stressors, only dependent stressors at follow-up showed a clear association with enduring MDE (aOR\u00a0=\u00a04.22, CI\u00a0=\u00a01.81\u20139.83). Those with enduring MDE showed poorer functioning and mental health-related quality of life at follow-up, with only 35.6% having sought any psychiatric\/psychological help during the past year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102468_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Detecting comorbid symptoms in those with prior MDEs and reducing the impact of dependent stressors may help reduce their long-term implications. Enhancing the accessibility and acceptability of youth-targeted mental health services would also be crucial to improve help-seeking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725102468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:48:32Z","timestamp":1763628512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of enduring major depressive episodes in the youth population of Hong Kong: The roles of comorbid psychopathology and stressful life events"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie Ming Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zhqgq86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Hong 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