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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102663_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe mental disorders (SMDs) impose profound suffering on patients and heavy burdens on family caregivers, often resulting in abusive behaviors. This study aimed to examine the association between psychiatric symptom severity and caregiver abuse, and to assess whether caregiver tobacco dependence moderates this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102663_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study included 763 patient\u2013caregiver dyads in rural Shandong, China. Psychiatric symptom severity was measured using the 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Caregiver tobacco dependence was assessed using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence. Patients reported caregivers\u2019 verbal\/physical abuse in the past year. Ordered logistic regression and interaction terms tested associations and moderation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102663_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 25.7% of caregivers engaged in verbal abuse and 14.9% in physical abuse. Psychiatric symptom severity was significantly associated with both verbal (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.018, 95% CI: 1.010\u20131.026) and physical abuse (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.015, 95% CI: 1.005\u20131.025). Caregivers with moderate to severe tobacco dependence were more likely to commit verbal (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.851, 95% CI: 1.136\u20133.016) and physical abuse (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.292, 95% CI: 1.287\u20134.079) than non-smokers. Moderate to severe tobacco dependence significantly amplified the association between psychiatric symptom severity and verbal abuse (interaction OR\u00a0=\u00a01.024, 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.046), but not physical abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725102663_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In rural China, greater psychiatric symptom severity among patients with SMDs is associated with increased frequency of both verbal and physical abuse by caregivers, particularly verbal abuse among those with moderate to severe tobacco dependence, underscoring the need for caregiver-targeted psychological support and tobacco cessation interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  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