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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725103139_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental prenatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) are linked to child neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), but evaluations of the magnitude and mechanisms of this association are limited. This study estimates the strength of the association and whether it is impacted by genetic and environmental factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725103139_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic search of PubMed, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, OVID, and Google Scholar was performed for articles published from January 1988 to September 2025. Of 2,420 articles screened, 74 met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were conducted on 21 studies, and 53 were included in the narrative synthesis. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses, along with tests for heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and publication bias (Egger\u2019s test). The review followed PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725103139_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal PMADs were associated with a significantly increased risk of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; odds ratio [OR] 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45\u20132.52) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.43\u20132.14) in children. Paternal PMADs were also associated with the risk of NDDs, with combined odds for ASD and ADHD (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.23, 95% CI 1.14\u20131.33). Several studies suggested that the link between parental PMADs and offspring NDDs might be impacted by both genetic and environmental factors, including the impact of ongoing parental depression on child behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291725103139_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental PMADs are associated with increased risk of NDDs in children. These findings likely reflect a combination of inherited liability and environmental processes; clarifying mechanisms will require genetically informed designs. Regardless of mechanism, offering optional, family-centered developmental support may help promote child well-being in families where a parent is experiencing PMADs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291725103139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:00:38Z","timestamp":1768899638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of parental prenatal mental health with offspring neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrianna","family":"K\u0119pi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalia","family":"Robakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelby","family":"Smout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Bercovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Christina","family":"Gustavsson Mahjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alkistis","family":"Skalkidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Universitet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Bergink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrang","family":"Mahjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"},{"name":"Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291725103139_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"S0033291725103139_r32","first-page":"30","article-title":"Maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy and psychiatric problems in children","volume":"56","author":"Lahti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291725103139_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.127746"},{"key":"S0033291725103139_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00109-1"},{"key":"S0033291725103139_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13611"},{"key":"S0033291725103139_r61","unstructured":"Wells, G. 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