{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T18:35:02Z","timestamp":1782844502237,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":83,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.72342017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.72342017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 72472155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 72472155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 71904142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 71904142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72304207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72304207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610316X_sec01\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression as a mental illness is commonly observed to co-occur with various somatic diseases, such as gastrointestinal diseases. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the risk of mental disorders following physical illnesses. Our study took depression as a risk factor, attempting to explore its relationship with gastrointestinal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610316X_sec02\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 457,940 participants (aged 37\u201373\u00a0years) in the UK Biobank were included. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the relationship between depression and gastrointestinal diseases. Mendelian randomization assessed the causal link between depression and gastrointestinal disorders, and seven machine learning algorithms (including LightGBM, XGBoost, and Random Forest) were trained in the total population to develop predictive models for incident gastrointestinal diseases, with model performance evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610316X_sec03\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a median follow-up period of 13.7\u00a0years, 9563 esophagitis events, 36,420 gastroesophageal reflux disease events, 5469 gastric ulcer events, 3096 duodenal ulcer events, 37,225 gastritis and duodenitis events, and 9153 dyspepsia events were recorded. After adjusting for covariates, depression was associated with increased risk of all six diseases. Two-sample MR analysis supported a causal association. Machine learning models demonstrated good discrimination, with the highest predictive accuracy observed for duodenal ulcer (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.76) and gastric ulcer (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.75).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610316X_sec04\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addressing depression as a modifiable risk factor may reduce gastrointestinal disease risk, especially in disadvantaged populations, by integrating mental health care into primary care and using predictive models for early intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172610316x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1774424987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of depression and gastrointestinal diseases: a three-stage study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danni","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Medical University General 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e76"}}