{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1789516228763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":95,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610381X_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child maltreatment is strongly linked to depression, yet comparisons across maltreatment forms have been inconsistent. Prior meta-analyses mostly used single-level models and combined studies assessing different subsets of maltreatment forms, introducing statistical dependence and between-samples confounds that can distort cross-form comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610381X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We synthesized data from 12 eligible meta-analytic reviews (those assessing at least emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and providing effect size data), extracting 563 effect sizes from 217 depression risk studies and 501 effect sizes from 157 depression severity studies. Meta-analyses used two-level random-effects multilevel models, accounting for within-study dependence. Initial analyses compared all abuse forms plus emotional and physical neglect. Subsequent analyses compared just abuse forms either from samples assessing all three (\u2018complete-abuse\u2019 samples) or only one or two (\u2018incomplete-abuse\u2019 samples), which addressed between-samples confounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610381X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Effect sizes for different maltreatment forms were strongly correlated within studies (median\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      s \u2248 .46\u2013.48), confirming statistical dependence. Across all analytic layers, emotional abuse showed the strongest association with depression, and sexual abuse the weakest. In complete-abuse studies \u2013 the most internally comparable designs \u2013 a clear hierarchy emerged: emotional abuse &gt; physical abuse &gt; sexual abuse for both risk and severity. Incomplete-abuse studies obscured these differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610381X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By modeling effect size dependence and reducing between-samples confounds, this study provides clearer evidence that emotional maltreatment \u2013 particularly emotional abuse \u2013 is most strongly linked to depression. These findings underscore the need for greater clinical and prevention focus on emotional forms of maltreatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172610381x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T11:39:54Z","timestamp":1775475594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations between five forms of child maltreatment and depression: a multilevel meta-analytic comparison"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bruce","family":"Rind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-2629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerulf","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nhjjj32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Webster Vienna Private University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003329172610381X_r41","first-page":"289","article-title":"Risk, resilience, and gene-environment interplay in primates","volume":"20","author":"Suomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r11","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0818"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104361"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00227-9"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.12.3.p154"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180752"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00054.x"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1378807"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00342-3"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02769-y"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5093\/ejpalc2018a5"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011598"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(85)90060-2"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(95)00029-8"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504269191"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r5","volume-title":"Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual","author":"Bernstein","year":"1998"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.006"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.6.993"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117423"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211073838"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119558378"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.35"},{"key":"S003329172610381X_r21","unstructured":"JASP Team. 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