{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:32:51Z","timestamp":1791484371087,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":111,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006924","name":"International OCD Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006924","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2017-0154 and FO2020-0139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2017-0154 and FO2020-0139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007435","name":"\u00c5ke Wiberg Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M19-0401, M20-0013, and M21-0097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M19-0401, M20-0013, and M21-0097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007435","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE5964\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE5964\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003186","name":"Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003186","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610419X_sec17\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postinfectious autoimmune processes are hypothesized to be causally implicated in tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder. However, this hypothesis remains controversial. In this nationwide cohort study, we aimed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the association between proneness to infections and tic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610419X_sec18\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Swedish national registers, we identified 3,886,533 individuals (probands) born between 1970 and 2008 with available data on both biological parents. Probands were linked to six clusters of relatives: parents, full siblings, maternal half-siblings, paternal half-siblings, aunts\/uncles, and cousins. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the risk of tic disorders in probands exposed to infections and their relatives, compared with unexposed probands and their relatives. We also examined dose\u2013response associations using logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610419X_sec19\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Probands exposed to infections had an increased risk of tic disorders (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40\u20131.52), as did their relatives. The observed risks increased with the degree of genetic relatedness, from HR (95% CI) of 1.15 (1.12\u20131.19) in cousins to 1.31 (1.25\u20131.37) in first-degree relatives. There was a dose\u2013response association between the number of infections in the probands and the odds for tic disorders in the probands and their relatives. Results remained consistent after adjustment for infections in relatives, tic disorders in probands, and autoimmune diseases in probands and relatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S003329172610419X_sec20\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest an important role of shared genetic factors in the association between infections and tic disorders, potentially pointing to pleiotropic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003329172610419x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:32:05Z","timestamp":1776839525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proneness to infections and familial risk of tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7066-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Pol-Fuster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Vasiljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056d84691","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e108"}}