{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:44:59Z","timestamp":1785422699070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32471092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226-2024-00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226-2024-00118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY24C090002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY24C090002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104309_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intrusive trauma memories \u2013 vivid, distressing recollections that occur involuntarily and may feel present \u2013 is a defining symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While traditional models emphasize dysregulation within limbic-prefrontal circuits, emerging evidence implicates visual sensory systems in the formation of trauma-memory intrusions. However, direct causal evidence remains lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104309_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We combined functional MRI with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to examine the causal role of visual sensory cortices in intrusive memory formation. Healthy participants underwent a trauma-film paradigm, followed by fMRI scanning during memory encoding and a post-encoding resting phase during which spontaneous intrusions were recorded. One group received 1-Hz rTMS targeting early visual cortex (V1\/V2); a control group received stimulation at the Vertex. Intrusive memories were recorded over the subsequent 7\u00a0days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104309_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>rTMS to V1\/V2 significantly reduced the frequency, vividness, and emotional intensity of intrusive memories, while preserving recognition of episodic gist. fMRI analyses showed that intrusive episodes were associated with heightened activation and stable neural representations within the occipital visual cortex (OVC). Functional and effective connectivity analyses further revealed that the occurrence of intrusions was predicted by interactions between the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and OVC. Dynamic causal modeling confirmed direct, bidirectional MFG-OVC interactions that coexisted with, but tracked the intrusion dynamics more closely than, the traditional prefrontal-limbic circuits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104309_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide the first causal evidence for the direct involvement of the early visual cortex in trauma-memory intrusions. They highlight the visual system as a novel neuromodulation target for therapeutic intervention on PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726104309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:33:42Z","timestamp":1778495622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A visual cortex origin of trauma memory intrusions: integrated evidence from TMS and fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9332-0657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxiao","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhejiang University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00a2xv884","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Zhejiang 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e138"}}