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Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104577_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child abuse and low parental affection are established risk factors for higher adulthood panic disorder (PD) severity, but their plausible sleep mediators are under-investigated. We thus examined how actigraphy indices mediated the links between child parental abuse and affection deficits to adulthood PD severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104577_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Community-dwelling adult participants (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01,054) completed a series of self-reports on child parental abuse and affection at Wave 1. An eight-day actigraphy protocol was conducted at Wave 2, 9\u00a0years later. Telephone-administered clinical interviews assessing PD symptoms were conducted in W1 and Wave 3, separated by 18\u00a0years. A series of bias-corrected, bootstrapped causal mediation analyses was performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104577_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paternal, but not maternal abuse, predicted higher rest- and sleep-stage actigraphy markers after 9\u00a0years (\u03b2s\u00a0=\u00a00.263\u2013469.79,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), comprising more activity counts, longer wake time, higher wake time percentage, and wake bouts. These markers, thereby, mediated the trajectory from paternal abuse to higher PD severity (average causal mediation effects (ACMEs): \u03b2s\u00a0=\u00a00.003\u20130.020, 95% CIs excluding zero,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Likewise, paternal affection deficits predicted greater disturbances in rest- and sleep-stage actigraphy (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05), thereby mediating the link to greater PD severity (ACMEs: \u03b2s\u00a0=\u00a00.001\u20130.002,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a0.04). Neither maternal abuse nor affection was a significant mediator.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104577_sec4\" sec-type=\"discussion\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These outcomes aligned with, but do not verify, a causal mediation argument wherein actigraphy-derived nocturnal sleep\u2013wake disturbances partially accounted for the trajectory from adverse paternal caregiving encounters to adulthood PD severity. Strategically targeting sleep disturbances may reflect a viable intervention approach for persons with past child paternal abuse learning histories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726104577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:17:57Z","timestamp":1780291077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood paternal abuse and low paternal affection predict adult panic symptoms 18 years later via actigraphy-indexed sleep disruptions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2023-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Hani","family":"Zainal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tgyzw49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National University of Singapore"},{"name":"Yeo Boon Khim Mind-Science Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Van Doren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043mz5j54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"UCSF: University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726104577_r68","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Caring and doing for others: Social responsibility in the domains of family, work, and community","author":"Rossi","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0033291726104577_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR36346.v7"},{"key":"S0033291726104577_r070","unstructured":"Ryff, C. 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