{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:17:51Z","timestamp":1793744271561,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":133,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH122491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH122491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE-1841052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1841052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104589_sec111\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social cognitive deficits are common across many psychiatric conditions and contribute to broader social dysfunction. One hypothesized mechanism involves altered basic visual processing, which may disrupt the perception of low-level social cues and, in turn, compromise broader social cognitive processes. Here, we examined relations between basic visual processing and different levels of social cognition in a transdiagnostic youth sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104589_sec112\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 148 youth, ranging from healthy individuals to individuals with neuropsychiatric diagnoses and significant social dysfunction, completed two measures of basic visual processing (contrast sensitivity and visual integration) and a battery of social cognition tasks spanning lower-level (gaze perception) to mid-level (emotion recognition) to higher-level (theory of mind) social cognition. We used a four-level path model to test whether basic visual processing predicts gaze perception, which in turn predicts emotion recognition, which predicts theory of mind.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104589_sec113\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poorer contrast sensitivity and visual integration were associated with less precise gaze perception, which was, in turn, associated with worse emotion recognition, which was associated with worse theory of mind. This four-level path model demonstrated good fit and showed superior fit compared to alternative models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104589_sec114\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that basic visual processing influences the perception of basic social cues (e.g. gaze direction), which subsequently impairs more complex social perception and inference. Notably, this study extends prior observations from individuals with chronic schizophrenia to a transdiagnostic youth sample, indicating that altered basic visual processing may be a shared mechanism contributing to social cognitive deficits across psychiatric disorders and illness stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726104589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:41:28Z","timestamp":1778751688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The link between basic visual processing and higher-level social cognition: Eye gaze perception as a bridge in a transdiagnostic sample enriched with social dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7971-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Mathis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2751-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Blain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0864-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Locarno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly A.","family":"Lasagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2289-7798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"DeStefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0043h8f16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of South Dakota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Colombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02w8ez808","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0026-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine N","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Z","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivy F.","family":"Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Ohio State University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jmfr291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726104589_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.87.6.3102"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01587"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt058"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r27","article-title":"The influences of sensory quality and context congruity on gaze perception: Relations with traits of psychosis proneness, social anxiety, and autism in the general population","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.3.482"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000182"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.014"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12310"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2080-3"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2010.518417"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r5","article-title":"Efficacy of perceptual vision therapy in enhancing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function in adult hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia","volume":"49","author":"Balci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Ophthalmology"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5384"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.05.009"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r55","unstructured":"Sheehan, D. V. , & Lecrubier, Y. (2017). Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) DSM-5 version. https:\/\/www.mosresearch.com\/home"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.003"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.11.013"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.08.004"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00025-7"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r58","unstructured":"SR Research (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). EyeLink 1000 Plus. https:\/\/www.sr-research.com\/eyelink-1000-plus\/"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r16","first-page":"5","article-title":"Contrast sensitivity benefit of adaptive, optics correction of ocular aberrations","volume":"11","author":"De Gracia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14919-3"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.09.004"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm029"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2016.01.003"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280600646185"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000846"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800444000083"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r13","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Progress in brain research","volume":"156","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4005"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.4.529"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14100997"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.10.010"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.02.004"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03545-z"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt089"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.02.010"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.3"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.05.001"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r48","unstructured":"Precision Vision (Woodstock, Illinois, United States of America). Sloan low contrast letter set book. https:\/\/precision-vision.com\/products\/contrast-sensitivity-tests\/low-contrast-visual-acuity-tests-lcva\/multi-contrast\/sloan-low-contrast-letter-set-book\/"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000094315.19931.90"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r42","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L.K. and Muth\u00e9n, B.O. (1998\u20132017). Mplus user\u2019s guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles, CA"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.08.005"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.08.041"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01412"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0829573513493982"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00872"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r36","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Kaur","year":"2024"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac050"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.11.002"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0769"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.3.448"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2016.02.002"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r39","article-title":"Transdiagnostic treatment approaches for greater public health impact: Implementing principles of evidence-based mental health interventions","volume":"25","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01784"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230258"},{"key":"S0033291726104589_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000157"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726106552","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000}}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291726104589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:41:36Z","timestamp":1778751696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291726104589\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0033291726104589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291726104589","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e152"}}