{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:48:22Z","timestamp":1782204502446,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":173,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJCR22P3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJCR22P3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104668_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linguistic abnormalities in schizophrenia (SCZ) span morphological, syntactic, semantic, and discourse levels. Converging cross-linguistic evidence suggests that SCZ may involve semantic narrowing alongside reduced syntactic differentiation, yet how these changes co-occur across linguistic domains and whether they represent core, task-general disturbances remains unclear. We applied a multilevel NLP framework to a large Japanese dataset to identify structurally related linguistic markers of SCZ across elicitation contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104668_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Speech from 104 patients with SCZ and 101 healthy controls was collected through semi-structured interviews. Transcripts from free conversation, storytelling, and picture description were analyzed using GiNZA, Word2Vec, TF-IDF, and SentenceBERT to extract 76 morphosyntactic, semantic, and discourse features. Factor analysis identified representative features independent of diagnosis, which were tested using generalized estimating equations and validated with bootstrap and permutation procedures. Cross-task stability was examined to determine core linguistic markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104668_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In free conversation, reduced Case-particle (Kakujoshi) and Adverb use and increased Mean Pairwise Word Similarity were strongly associated with SCZ (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.87, 95% CI: 0.74\u20130.97). Adverbial, case-particle, and semantic-network measures functioned as cross-task markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726104668_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SCZ involves multidimensional language disturbances characterized by a tripartite linguistic phenotype of diminished morphosyntactic explicitness, semantic narrowing, and reduced modification-based contextual modulation in spontaneous discourse. Extending cross-linguistic evidence, our results indicate that lexical-semantic contraction co-occurs with reduced overt marking of argument relations in Japanese, alongside weakened adverbial elaboration and framing \u2013 suggesting convergent, largely task-general dimensions of SCZ language pathology, most evident in free conversation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726104668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T08:01:12Z","timestamp":1782201672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An integrative NLP framework identifies multilevel linguistic phenotypes of schizophrenia across tasks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hironobu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinobu","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka University, Shizuoka Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genichi","family":"Sugihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3733-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University Hospital, Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusei","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2014-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaaki","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7289-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Iizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saaya","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momoko","family":"Kitazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Sento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishimoto","family":"Taishiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keio University School of Medicine, Keio University: Keio Gijuku Daigaku"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726104668_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac157"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac142"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.17.100188.001045"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01722-y"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r56","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Differential expression of anomalous self-experiences in spontaneous speech in clinical high-risk and early-course psychosis quantified by natural language processing","volume":"8","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjschz.2015.30"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.06.011"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20882"},{"key":"S0033291726104668_r59","unstructured":"Toto, S. , Murata, M. , Tokuhisa, M. , & Ma, Q. 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