{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:05:40Z","timestamp":1789452340061,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":257,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF-2018-12365514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2018-12365514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN projects n. 2022SYXEHJ_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN projects n. 2022SYXEHJ_002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105406_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) frequently exhibit low levels of physical activity (PA) and mood disturbances, both of which contribute to functional impairment and poorer long-term outcomes. Despite growing evidence linking PA and affective regulation, little is known about the real-time, bidirectional relationship between these domains in SSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105406_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this multicenter observational study (DiAPAson project), 120 patients with SSD and 113 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) underwent a 7-day ecological assessment combining smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA; 8 prompts\/day) and continuous wrist-worn actigraphy. We analyzed the dynamic associations between PA and mood using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and Bayesian models with lagged temporal structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105406_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      GLMMs revealed significantly lower daily mood in SSD compared to HC (estimate\u00a0= \u22120.33, 95% CI: \u22120.53 to \u22120.12;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.002), but no significant day-level association between PA and mood. In contrast, Bayesian models uncovered robust within-day, bidirectional associations in HC such that higher PA levels were followed by higher subsequent mood and, conversely, better mood predicted higher subsequent PA (PA\u00a0\u2192\u00a0mood: posterior probability\u00a0=\u00a099.9%; mood \u2192 PA: 89.6%). In SSD, these within-day couplings were attenuated and more heterogeneous across individuals (PA\u00a0\u2192\u00a0mood: 87.2%; mood \u2192 PA: 67.5%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105406_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PA and mood are dynamically and bidirectionally linked within short temporal windows throughout the day, with stronger coupling in HC than in SSD. The substantial individual variability observed in SSD highlights the need for personalized, sensor-informed interventions, as aggregated analyses may obscure clinically relevant microtemporal dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726105406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:50:55Z","timestamp":1789451455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bayesian network analysis uncovers physical activity\u2013mood dynamics: Insights from the DiAPAson study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3042-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Caselani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02davtb12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02q2d2610","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Brescia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Zarbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ynf4891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Milan-Bicocca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02davtb12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4398-0747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Martella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02davtb12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ynf4891","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Milano-Bicocca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0400-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Magno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02davtb12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1611-8324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"de Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02davtb12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02q2d2610","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Brescia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"DiAPAson Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726105406_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/swra\/19.3.9"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv164"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.03.008"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac084"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3546"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17111194"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061691"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02588-y"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eetiot.7025"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5\u2122","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0903-5"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140383"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.370"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.034"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.067231"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00087"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00442-6"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.03.008"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv022"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r15","unstructured":"Gabry, J. , \u010ce\u0161novar, R. , Johnson, A. , & Bronder, S. (2024). Cmdstanr: R interface to \u2018cmdstan\u2019. https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/cmdstanr\/, https:\/\/discourse.mc-stan.org"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r16","first-page":"20","article-title":"Weight gain associated with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"60","author":"Ganguli","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.07.001"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-019-09633-4"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.10.012"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab028"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00260"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.01.014"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466510X496220"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00187"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20458"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2023-300836"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001732"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-2-13"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r8","first-page":"63","article-title":"Interplay between negative symptoms, time spent doing nothing, and negative emotions in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Results from a 37-site study","volume":"9","author":"D\u2019Anna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany)"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1686"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.038"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.07.013"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09855-3"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00372-x"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09493-9"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.076489"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30132-4"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114675"},{"key":"S0033291726105406_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.07.044"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291726105406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1789451458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291726105406\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0033291726105406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291726105406","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e271"}}