{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T10:42:56Z","timestamp":1792406576329,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":291,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015792","name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ID CE200100025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID CE200100025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105479_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repeated exposure to adversity is universal to the human experience and may impact mental health negatively. However, competing hypotheses predict that repeated adversity leads to either sensitisation or habituation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105479_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a 22-year Australian population-based panel study, we examined changes in mental health following repeated exposure to seven common adverse life events in adulthood. Mixed-effects regression models estimated the relationship between repeated exposure to adverse life events of the same type and its impact on the Mental Health Inventory-5 score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105479_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All seven adverse life events were associated with significant negative mental health impacts at each occurrence. Patterns of mental health response to repeated exposure varied by event type in the primary analysis. Sensitisation was observed for major worsening in finances and victimisation by property crime. Habituation was observed for separation\/divorce and serious personal injury\/illness. For physical violence, serious family injury\/illness, and firing\/redundancy, we found no clear associations. Sensitisation and habituation effects appeared to \u2018plateau\u2019 after the second adverse event rather than accumulating with exposure. Strength and direction of associations were robust to adjustments for pre-event mental health and a Mundlak correction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726105479_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a population-based sample over two decades we found event-specific sensitisation and habituation in response to repeated adverse life events. Both effects appeared to \u2018plateau\u2019 after the second event. Our findings provide no consistent support for a single universal model of stress-response, indicating that how individuals respond psychologically to adversity is more nuanced and may depend on contextual factors such as individual meaning, resilience, or resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726105479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:57:51Z","timestamp":1792403871000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018What doesn\u2019t kill you doesn\u2019t always make you stronger\u2019: The impact of repeated exposure to adverse life events on mental health"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8379-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Chye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hmf0879","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5018-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hmf0879","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Sydney"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053mfxd72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0476-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Glozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hmf0879","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Sydney"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053mfxd72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726105479_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913646"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021344"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411424740"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r26","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of stress and mental health","author":"Stroud","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2016.05.012"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.105"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.09.012"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.06.042"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0108-5"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.07.001"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220003373"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.86.2.103"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100533"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.126755"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.05.012"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12591"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116382"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r7","unstructured":"Freeman, K. , & Smith, N. (2014). Understanding the relationship between crime victimisation and mental health: A longitudinal analysis of population data. BOCSAR NSW Crime and Justice Bulletins."},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.110.3.406"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3087"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab114"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(25)00068-4"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101087"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.1.84"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.08.032.2009"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12504"},{"key":"S0033291726105479_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.2.417"}],"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291726105479","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:57:54Z","timestamp":1792403874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291726105479\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0033291726105479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291726105479","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e336"}}