{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:45:24Z","timestamp":1791798324810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":284,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726106151_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic liability of depressive disorder can be captured by psychopathology in relatives (family history). Various methods summarize family history in a single score, differing in included information as well as the underlying model. We systematically compared the performance of family history indicators, including promising new indicators based on the liability threshold model, in predicting depressive disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726106151_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We calculated selected family history indicators for depression (dichotomous, proportion, novel genetically informed method \u2013 Pearson\u2013Aitkens Family Genetic Risk Score [PAFGRS]) in 1339 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        N\n                        <jats:sub>case<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01086). Polygenic scores (PGS) were computed from the most recent GWAS for major depression. We assessed correlations between genetic liability indicators, as well as their prediction of lifetime depressive disorder diagnosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726106151_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Correlations of family history indicators with each other were high (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.71\u20130.99) and much lower with the PGS (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.15). There was a suggested increase in predictive accuracy for more elaborately computed scores, ranging from proportion to PAFGRS. The best-performing family history indicator and the PGS were independently associated with depressive disorder.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S0033291726106151_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our analysis shows that more elaborate family history indicators, including family size, prevalence, heritability, and genetic theory, would be preferable over simpler methods. Family history and PGS were complementary in prediction, showing the added value of including both in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291726106151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T08:53:08Z","timestamp":1791795188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing family history indicators and polygenic scores in depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9702-4185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Pruin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q6h8f30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC: Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-6617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Milaneschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q6h8f30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC: Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9667-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meike","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008xxew50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"VU Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5098-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Bassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q6h8f30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC: Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7779-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"Penninx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q6h8f30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC: Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Peyrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00q6h8f30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Amsterdam UMC - Locatie VUMC: Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033291726106151_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1965.tb00500.x"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0326-7"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0336"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990416)88:2<173::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3042"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015702"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.10.1568"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.10.009"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3285"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2006.10.003"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002299"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002973"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.026"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.12.002"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gm123"},{"key":"S0033291726106151_r38","unstructured":"Purcell, S. , & Chang, C. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press or the rights holder(s) must be obtained prior to any commercial use and\/or adaptation of the article.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e326"}}