{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:33:14Z","timestamp":1788424394797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> An association between disablement and \nlate-life depression is often reported in cross-sectional studies. \nHowever, many lack effect sizes, and do not control for confounding. \nTherefore, it is difficult both to quantify the overall impact of poor \nhealth on depression and to understand which aspects are most \nsalient.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> A catchment area survey of all over 65-year-old \nresidents of an electoral district in London, UK, using a population \nregister derived from a door-to-door census was undertaken. Depression \nwas measured using SHORT-CARE, and the consequences of disease \nclassified according to the WHO International Classification of \nImpairments, Disabilities and Handicaps.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Six hundred and fifty-four subjects were \ninterviewed out of an older population of 889. The prevalence of \nSHORT-CARE pervasive depression was 17%. Impairment, disability and, \nparticularly, handicap were strongly associated with depression. The \nadjusted odds ratio for depression in the most handicapped quartile \ncompared with the least was 24\u00b72 \n(8\u00b78\u201366\u00b76). The population attributable fraction \n(PAF) for depression attributable to handicap was 0\u00b778. The \nPAFs for recent life events and female gender were much lower. \nHandicap explained most of the depression associated with individual \nimpairments and disabilities. Adjusting for handicap abolished or \nweakened the associations between depression and social support, \nincome, older age, female gender and living alone.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> Even given some uncertainty in distinguishing \nhandicap and depression as constructs, and the impossibility of \ndeciding direction of causality, it seems likely that handicap is of \ncentral significance to late-life depression. Handicap may be more \namenable to intervention than either impairment or \ndisability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291796004473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"311-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Impairment, disability and handicap as risk factors for \ndepression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project V"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"M. J.","family":"PRINCE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. H.","family":"HARWOOD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"BLIZARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"THOMAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"MANN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291796004473","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T19:02:29Z","timestamp":1557687749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291796004473\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291796004473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291796004473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}}}