{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T22:32:43Z","timestamp":1767652363293},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> An obstacle to the successful \nclassification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is \nthe frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder \n(CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD \nchildren with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without \nCD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Using family study methodology and three \nlongitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about \npatterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional \ndefiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder \n(ASPD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children  \nwith lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with  \nADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD  \ncontrol probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1)  \nrelatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater  \nrisk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates  \nof CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands  \nonly; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could\n  \nnot be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses;\n  \nand (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same  \nrelatives more often than expected by chance alone.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> These findings suggest that ADHD with and \nwithout antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders \nand provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic \nconduct disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291796004515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"291-300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal \nevidence for a familial subtype"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"S. V.","family":"FARAONE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"BIEDERMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. G.","family":"JETTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. T.","family":"TSUANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291796004515","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]],"date-time":"2019-05-12T19:02:19Z","timestamp":1557687739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291796004515\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291796004515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291796004515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]}}}