{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:42:15Z","timestamp":1784288535464,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Very little is known about the \n\npharmacokinetics of neuroleptic drugs in breast-feeding \n\nmothers and their infants or about possible adverse effects in \n\nthe infants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> Twelve mothers who breast-fed their infants \n\nwere prescribed haloperidol, chlorpromazine \n\nor trifluoperazine. Two methods, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and high \n\nperformance liquid \n\nchromatography (HPLC) were used to assay these drugs in samples \n\nfrom mothers, but infants' \n\nsamples were assayed only by the more sensitive EIA. Repeated \n\nclinical and developmental \n\nassessments of the breast-fed infants were carried out up to \n\n30 months of age. The control subjects \n\nwere 18 bottle-fed infants whose mothers were also prescribed \n\nneuroleptic or mood-stabilizing drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> The total concentrations of neuroleptic drugs \n\nand their principal metabolites in maternal \n\nplasma were correlated with concentrations in fore-milk. Infants were \n\ningesting up to 3% of the \n\nmaternal daily dose per kg body weight and small amounts of the \n\ndrugs were detected in infants' \n\nplasma and urine. Concentrations of haloperidol in the adult range \n\nwere found in plasma from 2 \n\nof 5 infants assayed by EIA but there was no evidence of any acute \n\nor delayed adverse effects. Three \n\nother breast-fed infants whose mothers were prescribed both \n\nhaloperidol and chlorpromazine \n\nshowed a decline in their developmental scores from the first to \n\nthe second assessment at 12\u201318 months.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> More extensive longitudinal studies are needed\n \n\nbut, in the meantime, there appears to \n\nbe grounds for caution if breast-feeding mothers are prescribed doses \n\nof single or two neuroleptic \n\ndrugs at the upper end of their recommended ranges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291797005965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"81-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Neuroleptic drugs in breast-milk: a study of \n\npharmacokinetics and of possible adverse effects in \n\nbreast-fed infants"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"YOSHIDA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"SMITH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"CRAGGS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"KUMAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291797005965","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T16:22:47Z","timestamp":1567441367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291797005965\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291797005965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291797005965","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]}}}