{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:56:41Z","timestamp":1790074601818,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]],"date-time":"1998-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":899251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Few studies have examined prospectively \nboth the direct and buffering effects of types \nof social support and social networks on mental health. This \npaper reports longitudinal associations \nbetween types of social support and psychiatric morbidity from the Whitehall\n II study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Social support was measured by the Close Persons Questionnaire\n \nand psychiatric morbidity by the General Health Questionnaire at baseline\n \n(1985\u20131988) and at first follow-up (1989) \nin 7697 male and female London-based civil servants aged \n35\u201355 years at baseline. The cohort was \nfollowed up and baseline measures were used to predict psychiatric disorder\n measured by the \nGeneral Health Questionnaire at second follow-up (1991\u20131993).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Longitudinal analyses showed that low confiding\/emotional\n \nsupport in men and high \nnegative aspects of close relationships in men and women were associated\n with greater risk of \npsychiatric morbidity even after adjustment for baseline General \nHealth Questionnaire score. There \nwas no evidence of a buffering effect among men or women who experienced\n life events or chronic \nstressors. Controlling for a personality measure of hostility \ndid not affect the observed relations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> The present findings illustrate that different \ntypes of support are risk factors for \npsychological distress and that they operate in different ways \nfor men and women. Direct effects of \nemotional support are predictive of good mental health in men and negative\n aspects of close \nrelations predict poor mental health in both men and women. Emotional support\n is predictive of \ngood mental health in women whereas, confiding alone is not.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798006746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:33:33Z","timestamp":1027762413000},"page":"881-892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Types of social support as predictors of psychiatric \nmorbidity in a cohort of British Civil Servants (Whitehall II Study)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"STANSFELD","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"FUHRER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. J.","family":"SHIPLEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291798006746","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T15:40:33Z","timestamp":1554306033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291798006746\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291798006746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798006746","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,7]]}}}