{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1791148290984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> We report the prevalence, clinical characteristics,\n \nfrequency of mental health \ntreatment, demographic correlates, frequency of co-morbid psychiatric conditions,\n and general \nhealth ramifications of DSM-IV blood-injection-injury phobia in the general\n population.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (version III-R),\n which \nincluded questions on blood-injection-injury phobia, was administered to\n 1920 subjects in the \nBaltimore ECA Follow-up Study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> The estimated unweighted lifetime prevalence of \nblood-injection-injury phobia was 3\u00b75%. \nThe median age of onset was 5\u00b75 years; 78% had had symptoms within\n \nthe last 6 months. Subjects \nwith blood-injection-injury phobia (cases) had higher lifetime histories\n \nof fainting and seizures than \nthose without (non-cases). None reported seeking mental health treatment\n \nspecifically for phobia. \nPrevalences were lower in the elderly and higher in females and persons\n \nwith less education. Cases had \nsignificantly higher than expected lifetime prevalences of other \npsychiatric conditions, including \nmarijuana abuse\/dependence, major depression, obsessive\u2013compulsive\n \ndisorder, panic disorder, \nagoraphobia, social phobia and other simple phobia. Cases and \nnon-cases did not differ with regard \nto usual health-care settings, regular care for specific medical \nconditions, numbers of out-patient \nvisits or hospitalizations, or previous general anaesthesia or \nlive births. However, diabetics with \nblood-injection-injury phobia had higher than expected rates of macrovascular\n complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Blood-injection-injury phobia is common, especially\n \nin females and those with less \neducation, and it is associated with several co-morbid psychiatric conditions.\n No strong, broad \ngeneral health ramifications of this phobia are apparent. However, \ndiabetics with this phobia appear \nat particular risk for complications; this deserves further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798007144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:33:33Z","timestamp":1027762413000},"page":"1129-1136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["The epidemiology of blood-injection-injury phobia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"O. JOSEPH","family":"BIENVENU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WILLIAM W.","family":"EATON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291798007144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T21:57:56Z","timestamp":1554933476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291798007144\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291798007144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798007144","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}}}