{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:09:28Z","timestamp":1791194968342,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> Cognitive models suggest that auditory \nhallucinations are experienced when mental \nevents are misattributed to an external source; therefore, this study was\n designed to examine \nattributional biases in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations.\n \nThe study also examined the role of metacognitive beliefs in the experience\n of auditory \nhallucinations, as some theories have \nimplicated metacognition in the development and maintenance of auditory\n hallucinations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> Fifteen participants with a diagnosis of \nschizophrenia experiencing auditory \nhallucinations were compared with 15 non-hallucinating schizophrenics and\n 15 non-psychiatric \ncontrol subjects on several measures, including an immediate source monitoring\n task and a \nquestionnaire assessing metacognitive beliefs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Results indicated that patients experiencing \nhallucinations exhibited the predicted bias \ntowards misattributing internal events to an external source, as \nmeasured by ratings of internality \nof responses in a word association task. All groups had lower \nperceived levels of internality and \ncontrol for emotionally salient words, which provides further evidence\n for the importance of \nemotional content in hallucinations. Patients experiencing \nhallucinations were found to score higher \nthan the other two groups on metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability\n \nand danger and positive \nbeliefs about worry. In addition, a logistic regression analysis showed\n that beliefs about \nuncontrollability and danger were predictive of whether subjects \nexperienced auditory hallucinations or not.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> These results offer considerable support to \ncognitive bias models of auditory \nhallucinations, particularly those that implicate metacognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798007314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:36:08Z","timestamp":1027776968000},"page":"1199-1208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: \nattributional biases and metacognition"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"CAROLINE A.","family":"BAKER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANTHONY P.","family":"MORRISON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291798007314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T01:57:50Z","timestamp":1554947870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291798007314\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291798007314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798007314","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}}}