{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T23:43:36Z","timestamp":1747439016881},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> We previously reported that in panic disorder\n a history of near-suffocation is \nassociated with predominantly respiratory panic attacks. It might be hypothesized\n that the \nnear-suffocation experienced in certain kinds of torture is also associated\n with the development of \npredominantly respiratory panic attacks.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> A sample of patients who had experienced torture (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=14)\n was drawn from an Anxiety \nDisorders Clinic in South Africa. Subjects were questioned about symptoms\n of panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Patients with a history of torture by suffocation\n were more likely than other patients to \ncomplain of predominantly respiratory symptoms during panic attacks. These\n patients also \ndemonstrated higher levels of depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> While various interpretations of the data can\n be made, it is possible that torture by \nsuffocation is associated with a specific symptomatic profile. Were such\n an association to be \nreplicated, this would perhaps support the suffocation alarm hypothesis\n of panic disorder and \nprovide evidence that specific environmental factors play a role in the\n development of this alarm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291798007363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"233-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Panic disorder following torture by suffocation is associated with\n \npredominantly respiratory symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"COLIN","family":"BOUWER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DAN","family":"STEIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291798007363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T20:22:48Z","timestamp":1554754968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291798007363\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291798007363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291798007363","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}}}