{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:44:07Z","timestamp":1789782247443,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> The response styles theory suggests that rumination in response to depressed mood \nexacerbates and prolongs depression, while distraction ameliorates and shortens it. Gender \ndifferences in response styles are said to contribute to the observed gender differences in the \nprevalence of unipolar depression. While empirical support for the theory has been found from a \nvariety of non-clinical studies, its generalizability to clinically depressed patient populations remains \nunclear.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold> A cohort of 52 unipolar depressed in-patients was assessed with the Response Styles \nQuestionnaire during in-patient stay (T1) and 4 weeks after discharge (T2). The patients were \nfollowed up 4 months after discharge (T3). Clinical assessment included the SCAN-PSE-10.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Moderate and statistically significant retest-stabilities for rumination and distraction were \nfound, comparable for patients with stable and changing depression status from T1 to T2. A cross-sectional diagnosis of a major depressive episode was associated with rumination, while gender was \nnot. Post-discharge baseline rumination (T2), adjusted for concurrent depression, predicted follow-up levels of depression (T3), and, in patients who were non-remitted at post-discharge baseline, it \npredicted presence of a major depressive episode at follow-up (T3). Results on distraction were \nmore ambiguous.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> Our results suggest that rumination is likely to have a deteriorating impact on the \ncourse of clinical episodes of depression in unipolar depressed patients. Larger longitudinal patient \nstudies are needed to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799001282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"1323-1333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":230,"title":["Responses to depression in unipolar depressed \npatients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's \nresponse styles theory"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"CHRISTINE","family":"KUEHNER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IRIS","family":"WEBER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291799001282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1557432107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291799001282\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291799001282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291799001282","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}