{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:18:44Z","timestamp":1792019924215,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]],"date-time":"1999-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":925516800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Familial factors, which are partly genetic, influence risk for phobias. Prior family and \ntwin studies, however, were based on a single lifetime assessment, which may be only moderately \nreliable.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We obtained, 8 years apart, two assessments of lifetime history of five unreasonable fears \nand phobias (agoraphobia and social, situational, animal and blood-injury phobia) from face-to-face and telephone interviews from 1708 individual female twins from a population-based registry. \nWe also obtained, 1 month apart, test\u2013retest reliability on 192 twins. We fitted, using the program \nMx, a measurement model that estimates the role of genetic and environmental risk factors \ncorrecting for measurement error.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Short-term reliability of the five phobias was modest (mean \u03ba=0\u00b746), but higher than long-term stability (mean \u03ba=0\u00b730). Unreliability occurred both for subject recall of unreasonable fears \nand for interviewer assessment of which fears constituted phobias. Examining fears and phobias \ntogether, in a multiple threshold model, results suggested that twin resemblance was due solely to \ngenetic factors, with estimated total heritabilities, corrected for unreliability, of: any 43%, \nagoraphobia 67%, animal 47%, blood\/injury 59%, situational 46% and social 51%. With the \nexception of animal phobia, similar results were obtained analysing phobias alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Lifetime histories of unreasonable fears and phobias assessed at personal interview \nhave substantial unreliability. Correcting for unreliability, the liability to fears and their associated \nphobias is moderately heritable. Individual-specific environmental experiences play an important \nrole in the development of phobias, while familial\u2013environmental factors appear to be of little \naetiological significance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799008429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:36:08Z","timestamp":1027762568000},"page":"539-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Fears and phobias: reliability and heritability"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"K. S.","family":"KENDLER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. M.","family":"KARKOWSKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. A.","family":"PRESCOTT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291799008429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1554982121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291799008429\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291799008429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291799008429","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}}}