{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:43:48Z","timestamp":1791315828929,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold> There is some uncertainty about the rate and correlates of autism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method.<\/jats:bold> Twenty-three epidemiological surveys of autism published in the English language \nbetween 1966 and 1998 were reviewed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Over 4 million subjects were surveyed; 1533 subjects with autism were identified. The \nmethodological characteristics of each study are summarized, including case definition, case-finding \nprocedures, participation rates and precision achieved. Across surveys, the median prevalence \nestimate was 5\u00b72\/10000. Half the surveys had 95% confidence intervals consistent with population \nestimates of 5\u00b74\u20135\u00b75\/10000. Prevalence rates significantly increased with publication year, reflecting \nchanges in case definition and improved recognition; the median rate was 7\u00b72\/10000 for 11 surveys \nconducted since 1989. The average male\/female ratio was 3\u00b78[ratio   ]1, varying according to the absence \nor presence of mental retardation. Intellectual functioning within the normal range was reported in \nabout 20% of subjects. On average, medical conditions of potential causal significance were found \nin 6% of subjects with autism, with tuberous sclerosis having a consistently strong association with \nautism. Social class and immigrant status did not appear to be associated with autism. There was \nno evidence for a secular increase in the incidence of autism. In eight surveys, rates for other forms \nof pervasive developmental disorders were two to three times higher than the rate for autism.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Based on recent surveys, a minimum estimate of 18\u00b77\/10000 for all forms of pervasive \ndevelopmental disorders was derived, which outlines the needs in special services for a large group \nof children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799008508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:33:33Z","timestamp":1027776813000},"page":"769-786","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":703,"title":["The epidemiology of autism: a review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"ERIC","family":"FOMBONNE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291799008508","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1555019092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291799008508\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291799008508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291799008508","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}