{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:29:22Z","timestamp":1791098962523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Current systems of describing personality pathology have significant shortcomings. A \npolydiagnostic approach is used to study the relationship between psychological, psychoanalytical \nand psychopathological models of personality.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    The subjects were 256 patients enrolled in treatment studies of major depression and \nbulimia nervosa. Subjects were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the \nDefense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DMS-III-R \npersonality disorders (SCID-II).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Subjects had high rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders with 52% having at least one \npersonality disorder. Cluster A personality disorders were correlated with low reward dependence, \nhigh harm avoidance and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster B personality disorders \nwere related to high novelty seeking and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Cluster C \npersonality disorders were correlated with high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking and low \nself-directedness. Immature defences were related to DSM-III-R personality symptoms, but \nindividual defences were not related to personality clusters in a predictable way. Immature defences \nwere strongly related to low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Both TCI self-directedness scores \nand immature defence scores were moderately predictive of the presence and number of personality \ndisorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    A widely accepted clinical nosology (DSM-III-R personality disorders) rated using a \nclinical interview correlates reasonably predictably with two theoretical models derived from \ndifferent paradigms and rated using self-reports. This might be seen as providing concurrent validity \nfor all three models. However, serious methodological shortcomings confront studies of this type, \nincluding sample selection and measurement of personality dysfunction. One way to begin to \nresolve these problems is to study which personality measures are best related to treatment response \nand prognosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799008533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:33:33Z","timestamp":1027762413000},"page":"943-951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["The relationship among three models of personality \npsychopathology: DSM-III-R personality disorder, \nTCI scores and DSQ defences"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"R. T.","family":"MULDER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"JOYCE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. F.","family":"SULLIVAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. M.","family":"BULIK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. A.","family":"CARTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"container-title":["Psychological Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033291799008533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T17:44:46Z","timestamp":1555004686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033291799008533\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033291799008533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291799008533","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2917","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8978","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}