{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T18:30:47Z","timestamp":1764700247812,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11094,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quart. Rev. Biophys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of traditional Western concepts of disease (i.e. the \u2018germ\u2019 theory) has guided the use of scientific knowledge and technologies in the Control of acute infectious diseases (Gori &amp; Peters, 1975; Trosko &amp; Chang, 1978<jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>). The intervention of all sorts of technologies has prolonged the life expectancy, allowing more people to reach the limit of what appears to be a rather fixed life-span (Hayflick, 1976). At the same time, human beings have used technologies to alter out dependence on the natural enviroment We intervene on many levels to minimize threats to our dependence on natural forces for food (e.g. agricultural technology, food additives), for water (e.g. wells or dams), for health (e.g. instituting sanitary measures or using drugs), for protection against the elements (e.g. wearing clothes, building homes with heaters and air conditioners) and for pleasure (e.g. snowmobiles, etc.). It is now extremely clear that much of the \u2018effluents of our technological affluence\u2019 can be harmful to living systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033583500005680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T16:14:45Z","timestamp":1237306485000},"page":"603-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genes, pollutants and human diseases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"James E.","family":"Trosko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Cheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref116","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of caffeine on induction of skin cancer by ultraviolet rays in the mouse","volume":"277","author":"Zajdela","year":"1973","journal-title":"C.R.Acad. Sci. Ser D."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref113","first-page":"849","volume-title":"Proteases and Biological Control","author":"Wigler","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/266726a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref110","first-page":"1327","article-title":"Dietary constituents altering the responses to chemical carcinogens","volume":"35","author":"Wattenberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Fedn Proc"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref109","first-page":"635","volume-title":"Control of Proliferation of Animal Cells","author":"Voorhees","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/247490a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref107","first-page":"2196","article-title":"Vitamin A acid; a potent inhibitor of 12\u20130-tetradecanoyl-phorbol- 13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse epidermis","volume":"37","author":"Verma","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219850"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-221"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-6264(77)80311-8"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/228358b0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197704)39:4+<1867::AID-CNCR2820390820>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/255197a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1977.0029"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/259232a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref055","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Biology of Radiation Carcinogenesis","author":"Maher","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(74)90018-6"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref003","first-page":"450","article-title":"The inhibition of croton oil-promoted mouse skin tumorigenesis by steroid hormones","volume":"32","author":"Belman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.12.4955"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.12.5116"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref022","first-page":"2730","article-title":"Caffeine enhancement of chemical carcinogen-induced transformation of cultured Syrian hamster cells","volume":"34","author":"Donovan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(76)91242-0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000398921"},{"volume-title":"Chemical Carcinogens and DNA","year":"1978","author":"Trosko","key":"S0033583500005680_ref097"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref044","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Persons at High Risk of Cancer","author":"Kersey","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref017","first-page":"1773","article-title":"Absence of specificity in inhibition of DNA repair replication by DNA-binding agents. Co-carcinogens and steroids in human cells","volume":"35","author":"Cleaver","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(75)90551-3"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(77)90053-7"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)90361-8"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4664"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(76)91023-8"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)15265-6","article-title":"Effects of xanthine derivatives on lipolysis and adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity","volume":"6","author":"Beavo","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref069","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Induction of the polyamine-biosynthetic enzymes in mouse epidermis by tumor-promoting agents","volume":"35","author":"O'Brien","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref076","first-page":"1392","article-title":"Nonspecific inhibition of DNA repair synthesis by tumor promoters in human diploid fibroblasts damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene","volume":"35","author":"Poirier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197409)34:3+<858::AID-CNCR2820340712>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(76)90272-2"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref064","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Persons at High Risk of Cancer","author":"Mulvihill","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/265339a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref004","first-page":"3446","article-title":"Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate effect on cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032-monophosphate levels in mouse skin and inhibition of phorbol-myristate-acetate-promoted tumorigenesis","volume":"34","author":"Belman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1973.0007"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref092","first-page":"490","article-title":"DNA repair characteristics and skin cancers of xeroderma pigmentosum patients in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Takebe","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910070322"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.4.977"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197612022952308"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref028","first-page":"439","volume-title":"Genetics of Human Cancer","author":"Fialkow","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429714"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/252069a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnet F. M. (1974 b). Intrinsic mutagenesis, an interpretation of the pathogenesis of xeroderma pigmentosum. Lancet ii, 495\u2013498.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92019-4"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.887942"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197107)28:1<89::AID-CNCR2820280117>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(75)90059-6"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(75)90099-X"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(73)90202-9"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref101","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Advances in Cancer Research","author":"Trosko","year":"1975"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(76)90097-1"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(75)90127-2"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1977.01640020065011"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref040","first-page":"2943","article-title":"The importance of synergy between weak carcinogens in the induction of bladder cancer in experimental animals and humans","volume":"37","author":"Hicks","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.959840"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408447309025704"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/260710a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref089","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Prevention of chemical carcinogenesis by vitamin A and its synthetic analogs (retinoids)","volume":"35","author":"Sporn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Fed. Proc. Fedn. Am. Socs exp. Biol."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/262402a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref043","first-page":"439","article-title":"Enhancement of X-ray transformation by 1 2-o-tetradecanoyl-phorboi-13-acetate in a cloned line of C3H mouse embryo cells","volume":"38","author":"Kennedy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref047","first-page":"109","article-title":"Evidence that mutations are induced by errors in repair and replication","volume":"73","author":"Kondo","year":"1973","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.2.657"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00355488"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0277-74"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref008","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Chromosomes and Cancer","author":"Burnet","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197708182970702"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(77)90050-1"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.17.5.231"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref012","first-page":"43","article-title":"In vitro assay for tumour promoters and anti-promoters","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1662-7_20"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4120.87"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.195337"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref016","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Current Research in Oncology","author":"Cleaver","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref023","first-page":"74","article-title":"Health and creative adaptation","volume":"1","author":"Dubos","year":"1978","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.9.3363"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref026","first-page":"2425","article-title":"Environmental determinants of human cancer","volume":"34","author":"Epstein","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref027","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Control of Pro-liferation in Animal Cells","author":"Estensen","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(75)90034-1"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.121.143"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref074","first-page":"2884","article-title":"Comparative enhancing effects of phenobarbital, Amobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, and dichloro-diphenyltrichloro-ethane on 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced hepatic tumorigenesis in the rat","volume":"35","author":"Periano","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207237008709397"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.1.188"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(75)90229-9"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref046","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetics and etiology of human cancer","volume":"8","author":"Knudson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)90520-4"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref054","first-page":"332","article-title":"Cancer genetic problems: Host-environmental considerations","volume":"19","author":"Lynch","year":"1974","journal-title":"Immunol. Cancer Prog. exp. Tumor Res."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/257705a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.3.950"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref093","first-page":"2835","article-title":"On the origin of the genes for neoplasia","volume":"34","author":"Temin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref059","first-page":"2254","article-title":"Two-stage chemical oncogenesis in cultures of C3H\/10T 1\/a cells","volume":"36","author":"Mondal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/267620a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref065","unstructured":"Nagao M. (1977). Joint Conf. US\u2013Japan Environmental Mutagenic and Carcinogenesis Workshop, Williamsburg, VA., 10. 24\u201326, 1977."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab1945.53.95","article-title":"Co-mutagenic action of norharman and harman","volume":"53","author":"Nagao","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Japan Acad."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/260547a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref070","first-page":"3904","article-title":"Interindividual and intraindividual variations in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in monocytes from monozygotic and dizygotic twins","volume":"37","author":"Okuda","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/260444a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/250223a0"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8852-8_4"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.790570"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.2.135","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome: A cellular sensitivity to ultraviolet light","volume":"60","author":"Schmickel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref085","first-page":"2482","article-title":"Protective effect of dehydroepiandrosterone against aflatoxin B, and 7,1 2-dimethylbenz(a)anthraceneinduced cytotoxicity and transformation in cultured cells","volume":"35","author":"Schwartz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197710)40:4+<1861::AID-CNCR2820400815>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref100","first-page":"188","article-title":"Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on the recovery of spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced 6-thioguanine and ouabain-resistant Chinese hamster cells","volume":"37","author":"Trosko","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(76)80100-3"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60634-X"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2580-2_4"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/410451"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref099","first-page":"353","volume-title":"M\u00e9canismes D'Alteration et de Reparation du DNA, Relations avec la Mutag\u00e9n\u00e8se et la Cancerogenese Chimique","author":"Trosko","year":"1977"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref105","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Environment and Cancer","author":"Urbach","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/56.6.1237","article-title":"Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Van","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. natn. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"S0033583500005680_ref108","first-page":"1530","article-title":"Effects of anti-inflammatory agents on mouse skin tumor promotion, epidermal DNA synthesis, phorbol ester-induced cellular proliferation, and production of plasminogen activator","volume":"37","author":"Viaje","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0033583500005680","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T13:22:09Z","timestamp":1739020929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0033583500005680\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,11]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033583500005680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033583500005680","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-5835","1469-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0033-5835"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,11]]}}}