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The guiding principle of our approach is<jats:italic>context dependence<\/jats:italic>, within and (in contrast to Marr [1982]) between levels of organization. We propose that three mechanisms guide the emergence of representations: competition, cooperation, and chronotopy; which themselves allow for two central processes: proactivity and progressive specialization. We suggest that the main outcome of development is partial representations, distributed across distinct functional circuits. This framework is derived by examining development at the level of single neurons, brain systems, and whole organisms. We use the terms<jats:italic>encellment<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>embrainment<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>embodiment<\/jats:italic>to describe the higher-level contextual influences that act at each of these levels of organization. To illustrate these mechanisms in operation we provide case studies in early visual perception, infant habituation, phonological development, and object representations in infancy. Three further case studies are concerned with interactions between levels of explanation: social development, atypical development and within that, developmental dyslexia. We conclude that cognitive development arises from a dynamic, contextual change in embodied neural structures leading to partial representations across multiple brain regions and timescales, in response to proactively specified physical and social environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x0800407x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,26]],"date-time":"2008-06-26T09:20:50Z","timestamp":1214472050000},"page":"321-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Pr\u00e9cis of<i>Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Sirois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Spratling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S. 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