{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:23:51Z","timestamp":1789424631081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav Brain Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hunter-gatherer punishment involves costs and benefits to individuals and groups, but the costs do not necessarily fit with the assumptions made in models that consider punishment to be altruistic \u2013 which brings in the free-rider problem and the problem of second-order free-riders. In this commentary, I present foragers' capital punishment patterns ethnographically, in the interest of establishing whether such punishment is likely to be costly; and I suggest that in many cases abstentions from punishment that might be taken as defections by free-riders are actually caused by social-structural considerations rather than being an effect of free-rider genes. This presentation of data supplements the ethnographic analysis provided by Guala.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x11001403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T10:09:38Z","timestamp":1328004578000},"page":"19-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Costs and benefits in hunter-gatherer punishment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Boehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2801707"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref9","volume-title":"Leadership and law among the Eskimos of the Keewatin District, Northwest Territories","author":"van den Steenhoven","year":"1962"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199071"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1069397108320422"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Conflict and the evolution of social control","volume":"7","author":"Boehm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref1","volume-title":"Blood revenge: The enactment and management of conflict in Montenegro and other tribal societies","author":"Boehm","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azr020"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref7","volume-title":"The !Kung San: Men, women, and work in a foraging society","author":"Lee","year":"1979"},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref5","unstructured":"Boehm C. (in press) Moral origins: The evolution of altruism, virtue, and shame. Basic Books."},{"key":"S0140525X11001403_ref8","volume-title":"The ultimate coercive sanction: A cross-cultural study of capital punishment","author":"Otterbein","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Behavioral and Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0140525X11001403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,26]],"date-time":"2019-04-26T02:10:45Z","timestamp":1556244645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0140525X11001403\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0140525X11001403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x11001403","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-525X","1469-1825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-525X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]}}}